Exposure to aircraft and road traffic noise and associations with heart disease and stroke in six European countries: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Subsample analysis: associations between ‘heart disease and stroke’ and noise adjusted for exposure to nitrogen dioxide

Heart disease and stroke	Daytime aircraft noise per 10 dB(A)	Night-time aircraft noise per 10 dB(A)	24 hr road traffic noise per 10 dB(A)
UK and Netherlands combined
Participants = 1411; Cases = 84
Crude (adjusted for country)	1.30 (0.98, 1.73)	1.22 (0.97, 1.53)	1.32 (0.92, 1.88)
Adjusted^a	1.17 (0.86, 1.59)	1.14 (0.89, 1.45)	1.28 (0.88, 1.87)
Adjusted^a plus nitrogen dioxide exposure	1.24 (0.90, 1.71)	1.22 (0.95, 1.58)	0.93 (0.57, 1.53)
% change in coefficient (absolute value)	37%	54%	127%
Sweden
Participants = 990; Cases = 53
Crude	0.71 (0.54, 0.94)	1.01 (0.71, 1.43)	1.21 (0.74, 1.99)
Adjusted^a	0.73 (0.54, 0.99)	0.88 (0.61, 1.27)	1.08 (0.64, 1.80)
Adjusted^a plus nitrogen dioxide exposure	0.74 (0.55, 1.01)	0.93 (0.62, 1.40)	0.99 (0.56, 1.73)
% change in coefficient (absolute value)	5%	46%	117%
≥ 20 years residence
UK and Netherlands combined
Participants = 828; Cases = 52
Crude (adjusted for country)	1.30 (0.91, 1.87)	1.38 (1.02, 1.86)	1.51 (0.97, 2.36)
Adjusted^a	1.19 (0.80, 1.77)	1.33 (0.96, 1.84)	1.49 (0.91, 2.43)
Adjusted^a plus nitrogen dioxide exposure	1.25 (0.82, 1.90)	1.43 (1.01, 2.01)	1.14 (0.61, 2.15)
% change in coefficient (absolute value)	29%	24%	67%
Sweden
Participants = 480; Cases = 35
Crude	0.93 (0.62, 1.38)	1.37 (0.87, 2.14)	0.95 (0.49, 1.86)
Adjusted^a	1.02 (0.64, 1.63)	1.29 (0.77, 2.15)	0.80 (0.39, 1.62)
Adjusted^a plus nitrogen dioxide exposure	1.03 (0.64, 1.65)	1.36 (0.78, 2.37)	0.72 (0.32, 1.62)
% change in coefficient (absolute value)	26%	21%	39%

Associations expressed in odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. % change in coefficient compares adjusted models before and after additional adjustment for nitrogen dioxide.
^aAdjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, BMI, physical activity (< once/week, 1–3 times/week, > 3 times/week), smoking (never, past, current), alcohol intake (teetotal, 1–7 units/week, 8–14 units/week, >14 units/week; 1 unit = 10 ml pure ethanol). In addition, the aircraft noise models were adjusted for 24 hour road traffic noise and the road traffic noise model was adjusted for night-time aircraft noise.

ISSN: 1476-069X