Table 4 Relative risks (RRs) ^{1, 2} and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effect of extreme cold ³ temperatures on daily emergency room visits for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases by comorbid health conditions cumulated over specific lag periods in Toronto, Canada

0 – 1 day

Diabetes

0.97

0.86 – 1.10

1.01 (0.89 – 1.15)

1.06

0.91 – 1.25

1.15 (0.98 – 1.35)

Respiratory diseases

0.73

0.50 – 1.07

0.76 (0.54 – 1.16)

1.11

0.94 – 1.33

1.21 (1.01 – 1.44)

Respiratory infections

0.66

0.25 – 1.78

0.68 (0.28 – 1.98)

0.86

0.74 – 1.00

0.92 (0.80 – 1.09)

Hypertension

0.87

0.72 – 1.04

0.90 (0.34 – 2.42)

1.08

0.72 – 1.61

1.16 (0.78 – 1.74)

Cancer

0.74

0.48 – 1.15

0.77 (0.52 – 1.24)

1.00

0.65 – 1.50

1.09 (0.71 – 1.65)

Kidney diseases

1.34

0.92 – 1.95

1.40 (1.00 – 2.13)

1.00

0.62 – 1.61

1.09 (0.67 – 1.75)

Pneumonia

0.77

0.53 – 1.12

0.80 (0.57 – 1.20)

1.00

0.82 – 1.22

1.09 (0.88 – 1.33)

Cardiac diseases

1.09

0.94 – 1.26

1.14 (0.98 – 1.33)

1.00

0.81 – 1.23

1.09 (0.89 – 1.34)

0 – 13 days

Diabetes

1.03

0.70 – 1.50

1.13 (0.75 – 1.69)

1.41

0.86 – 2.29

1.47 (0.95 – 2.60)

Respiratory diseases

0.65

0.22 – 1.90

0.71 (0.26 – 2.26)

1.28

0.83 – 1.99

1.33 (0.88 – 2.17)

Respiratory infections

0.31

0.02 – 4.94

0.34 (0.03 – 8.57)

1.25

0.80 – 1.95

1.30 (0.84 – 2.12)

Hypertension

1.03

0.70 – 1.50

1.11 (0.73 – 1.660

0.90

0.31 – 2.64

0.55 (0.32 – 2.77)

Cancer

0.38

0.09 – 1.52

0.41 (0.14 – 2.39)

1.19

0.41 – 3.42

1.24 (0.43 – 3.66)

Kidney diseases

2.24

1.12 – 6.10

2.43 (1.59 – 8.83)

1.09

0.27 – 4.29

1.14 (0.28 – 4.56)

Pneumonia

1.36

0.48 – 3.82

1.48 (0.55 – 4.42)

0.78

0.44 – 1.40

0.81 (0.46 – 1.51)

Cardiac diseases

1.35

1.02 – 2.04

1.47 (1.06 – 2.23)

1.04

0.55 – 1.97

1.07 (0.56 – 2.05)