From: Blood manganese concentrations in Jamaican children with and without autism spectrum disorders
Variables | Category | ASD Case | TD Control | Matched OR | 95% CI for MOR†| P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | (MOR) | |||||
Paternal agea | More than 35 years | 53 (50.5) | 29 (29.0) | 2.54 | (1.34, 4.82) | <0.01 | |
(at child’s birth) | |||||||
Maternal ageb | More than 35 years | 28 (25.7) | 11 (10.6) | 3.13 | (1.41, 6.93) | <0.01 | |
(at child’s birth) | |||||||
Parental education levelsc | At least one of the parents had education beyond high school | 71 (67.0) | 32 (31.4) | 3.36 | (1.85, 6.10) | <0.01 | |
(at child’s birth) | |||||||
Source of drinking waterd | Piped water | 103 (94.5) | 104 (96.3) | 0.60 | (0.22, 1.65) | 0.32 | |
Source of water for cookinge | Piped water | 103 (94.5) | 103 (95.4) | 0.83 | (0.25, 2.73) | 0.76 | |
Fruits and vegetables consumptionf | Root vegetables | A. Yam, sweet potato, or dasheen | 78 (71.6) | 89 (82.4) | 0.52 | (0.27, 1.02) | 0.06 |
B. Carrot or pumpkin | 94 (86.2) | 106 (98.1) | 0.14 | (0.03, 0.63) | 0.01 | ||
Leafy vegetables | A. Lettuce | 51 (46.8) | 67 (62.0) | 0.59 | (0.35,0.99) | 0.04 | |
B. Callaloo, broccoli, or pakchoi | 79 (71.6) | 101 (93.5) | 0.23 | (0.10, 0.51) | < 0.01 | ||
C. Cabbage | 73 (67.0) | 101 (93.5) | 0.19 | (0.09, 0.44) | < 0.01 | ||
Legumes | String beans | 36 (33.0) | 45 (41.7) | 0.71 | (0.42, 1.20) | 0.19 | |
Fruits | Tomatoes | 66 (60.6) | 90 (83.3) | 0.29 | (0.14, 0.58) | < 0.01 | |
Ackee | 64 (58.7) | 100 (92.6) | 0.05 | (0.01, 0.22) | < 0.01 | ||
Avocado | 30 (27.5) | 73 (67.6) | 0.17 | (0.08, 0.35) | < 0.01 | ||
Green banana | 74 (67.9) | 98 (90.7) | 0.29 | (0.14, 0.58) | < 0.01 | ||
Fried plantains | 78 (71.6) | 96 (88.9) | 0.20 | (0.08, 0.52) | <0.01 | ||
Seafood consumption | High seafood consumption | 27 (24.8) | 48 (44.0) | 0.38 | (0.20, 0.72) | < 0.01 | |
(More than 6 meals per week) | |||||||
Ate saltwater fish | 83 (76.1) | 98 (89.9) | 0.35 | (0.16, 0.78) | 0.01 | ||
Ate fresh water fish (Pond fish, tilapia) | 47 (43.1) | 60 (55.0) | 0.58 | (0.33, 1.04) | 0.07 | ||
Ate sardine, mackerel (Canned fish) | 82 (75.2) | 100 (91.7) | 0.28 | (0.12, 0.65) | <0.01 | ||
Ate tuna (Canned fish) | 34 (31.2) | 48 (44.0) | 0.53 | (0.29, 0.98) | 0.04 | ||
Ate salt fish (Pickled mackerel) | 76 (69.7) | 99 (90.8) | 0.21 | (0.09, 0.50) | < 0.01 | ||
Ate shellfish (Lobsters, crabs) | 6 (5.5) | 14 (12.8) | 0.33 | (0.11, 1.03) | 0.20 | ||
Ate shrimp | 21 (19.3) | 30 (27.5) | 0.61 | (0.31, 1.18) | 0.14 | ||
Grains consumed | Riceg | 106 (97.2) | 108 (100) | NR* | NR* | 0.99 | |
Fried dumpling | 85 (78.0) | 101 (92.7) | 0.27 | (0.11, 0.67) | < 0.01 | ||
Boiled dumpling | 80 (73.4) | 107 (98.2) | 0.07 | (0.02, 0.29) | < 0.01 | ||
White bread | 54 (49.5) | 84 (77.1) | 0.30 | (0.16, 0.57) | <0.01 | ||
Whole wheat bread | 81 (74.3) | 67 (61.5) | 1.74 | (0.99, 3.10) | 0.06 | ||
Cakes/bunsh | 91 (83.5) | 106 (98.1) | 0.11 | (0.03, 0.48) | <0.01 | ||
Porridge, like cornmeal, oatmeali | 91 (83.5) | 105 (97.2) | 0.12 | (0.03, 0.51) | <0.01 | ||
Cerealj | 80 (73.4) | 100 (92.6) | 0.28 | (0.13, 0.60) | <0.01 |