Table 1 Characteristics of study population

N = 6392

1834

945

1119

902

448

1144

Females

61

58

45

42

45

47

Educational level: ≤ 9 years

6

7

5

6

7

6

10-13 years

63

67

64

66

62

71

>13 years

30

26

32

28

30

24

Occupational exposure to gases/dusts/ fumes

31

47

36

55

40

54

Mean hours/day exposed to ETS at home: 0

100

55

100

55

100

34

<3

0

39

0

39

0

54

≥3

0

6

0

6

0

12

Mean hours/day exposed to ETS elsewhere: 0

100

55

100

55

100

34

<3

0

34

0

33

0

51

≥3

0

11

0

13

0

16

Vigorous physical activity: <0.5 h/wk

35

42

40

40

44

45

0.5-2 hours/week

38

32

35

30

33

30

>2 hours/week

27

26

31

30

24

25

Alcohol intake: Never

11

11

6

8

7

9

≤ once/day

84

82

86

77

83

77

> once/day

4

6

8

15

10

15

Consumption of vegetables: Never

0

1

1

0

1

1

≤3 days/week

17

19

17

18

20

23

>3 days/week

83

80

82

82

79

76

Consumption of citrus fruits: Never

7

7

9

9

10

11

≤3 days/week

57

52

57

57

59

55

>3 days/week

36

41

34

34

31

34

Consumption of other fruits: Never

1

1

1

1

2

4

≤3 days/week

28

31

29

36

41

42

>3 days/week

71

68

70

63

57

54

Menopause^a

64

55

63

54

62

47

Diabetes cases

3

5

6

7

5

4

Hypertension cases

35

34

44

38

35

31

COPD cases

16

16

22

20

25

25

High triglyceride (>1.52 mmol/l)

45

45

54

54

51

54

High HDL-cholesterol (>1.51 mmol/l)

51

47

46

43

41

35

High C-reactive protein (>1.0 mg/l)

47

47

49

52

56

44

Mean (SD)

Age (years)

52.6(11.9)

49.8(12.7)

56.1(9.8)

52.7(10.8)

52.9(10)

48.9(10.7)

BMI (kg/m²)

25.6(4.3)

26.2(4.7)

26.1(4.3)

26.7(4.4)

25.5(3.9)

25.3(4.5)

Area socio-economic index

64.6(9.7)

62.3(10.3)

65.3(9.8)

61.8(10.4)

64.7(9.9)

61.8(10.3)

Home outdoor PM₁₀ (μg/m³)

21.9(7.3)

22.6(7.4)

21.9(7.3)

22.7(7.7)

23.6(7.5)

22.6(7.5)

Pack-years of smoking^b

0(0)

0(0)

7.2(17.8)

13(27.5)

14.7(27.1)

20(28.4)