Table 1 Selected maternal characteristics of birth defect cases and controls, Texas Birth Defects Registry, 1996-2008
Characteristic | Controls (n = 280764) | Neural tube defects (n = 3245) | Limbs deficiencies (n = 2406) | Oral cleft defects (n = 7416) | Heart defects (n = 60154) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Race-ethnicity | ||||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 93425 | 33.3 | 956 | 31.7 | 890 | 38.3 | 2831 | 39.0 | 20434 | 34.2 |
Non-Hispanic black | 27119 | 9.7 | 246 | 8.1 | 257 | 11.1 | 542 | 7.5 | 6144 | 10.3 |
Hispanic | 150334 | 53.6 | 1749 | 58.0 | 1114 | 48.0 | 3617 | 49.8 | 31441 | 52.7 |
Others, non-Hispanic | 9510 | 3.4 | 66 | 2.2 | 61 | 2.6 | 277 | 3.8 | 1670 | 2.8 |
Missing | 376 | 228 | 84 | 149 | 465 | |||||
Education | ||||||||||
< High school | 91641 | 32.9 | 998 | 39.2 | 732 | 32.9 | 2424 | 34.2 | 19523 | 33.1 |
High school | 82138 | 29.5 | 785 | 30.9 | 691 | 31.0 | 2176 | 30.7 | 17448 | 29.5 |
>High school | 104427 | 37.5 | 760 | 29.9 | 804 | 36.1 | 2481 | 35.0 | 22059 | 37.4 |
Missing | 2558 | 702 | 179 | 335 | 1124 | |||||
Age at delivery (years) | ||||||||||
11-19 | 41376 | 14.7 | 462 | 15.2 | 379 | 16.3 | 1063 | 14.6 | 7973 | 13.3 |
20-24 | 79641 | 28.4 | 860 | 28.3 | 647 | 27.8 | 2014 | 27.7 | 15433 | 25.8 |
25-29 | 74994 | 26.7 | 823 | 27.1 | 609 | 26.2 | 1915 | 26.3 | 15145 | 25.3 |
30-34 | 55326 | 19.7 | 579 | 19.0 | 438 | 18.8 | 1378 | 18.9 | 12050 | 20.2 |
35-39 | 24487 | 8.7 | 248 | 8.2 | 184 | 7.9 | 689 | 9.5 | 6977 | 11.7 |
>39 | 4912 | 1.8 | 68 | 2.2 | 68 | 2.9 | 216 | 3.0 | 2193 | 3.7 |
Missing | 28 | 205 | 81 | 141 | 383 | |||||
Public health service region | ||||||||||
1 | 9368 | 3.3 | 93 | 3.0 | 91 | 3.9 | 296 | 4.1 | 1957 | 3.3 |
2 | 5864 | 2.1 | 70 | 2.3 | 44 | 1.9 | 199 | 2.7 | 1219 | 2.0 |
3 | 76992 | 27.4 | 921 | 30.2 | 730 | 31.4 | 2092 | 28.7 | 16117 | 27.0 |
4 | 7080 | 2.5 | 106 | 3.5 | 82 | 3.5 | 285 | 3.9 | 1351 | 2.3 |
5 | 4640 | 1.7 | 48 | 1.6 | 48 | 2.1 | 161 | 2.2 | 950 | 1.6 |
6 | 50124 | 17.9 | 532 | 17.5 | 390 | 16.8 | 1395 | 19.2 | 10557 | 17.7 |
7 | 22544 | 8.0 | 259 | 8.5 | 230 | 9.9 | 723 | 9.9 | 4594 | 7.7 |
8 | 28740 | 10.2 | 314 | 10.3 | 296 | 12.7 | 778 | 10.7 | 6053 | 10.1 |
9 | 6932 | 2.5 | 84 | 2.8 | 60 | 2.6 | 202 | 2.8 | 1441 | 2.4 |
10 | 8576 | 3.1 | 131 | 4.3 | 84 | 3.6 | 309 | 4.3 | 1702 | 2.8 |
11 | 59904 | 21.3 | 487 | 16.0 | 272 | 11.7 | 839 | 11.5 | 13838 | 23.1 |
Missing | - | 200 | 79 | 137 | 375 | |||||
Year of birth | ||||||||||
1996 | 6964 | 2.5 | 125 | 4.1 | 61 | 2.6 | 181 | 2.5 | 1444 | 2.4 |
1997 | 12648 | 4.5 | 170 | 5.6 | 102 | 4.4 | 355 | 4.9 | 2659 | 4.5 |
1998 | 16468 | 5.9 | 222 | 7.3 | 153 | 6.6 | 476 | 6.5 | 3398 | 5.7 |
1999 | 19096 | 6.8 | 287 | 9.4 | 186 | 8.0 | 575 | 7.9 | 3866 | 6.5 |
2000 | 20040 | 7.1 | 257 | 8.4 | 186 | 8.0 | 616 | 8.5 | 4092 | 6.9 |
2001 | 20588 | 7.3 | 232 | 7.6 | 204 | 8.8 | 605 | 8.3 | 4243 | 7.1 |
2002 | 21580 | 7.7 | 226 | 7.4 | 192 | 8.3 | 574 | 7.9 | 4566 | 7.6 |
2003 | 22980 | 8.2 | 232 | 7.6 | 192 | 8.3 | 579 | 8.0 | 4927 | 8.2 |
2004 | 25428 | 9.1 | 264 | 8.7 | 183 | 7.9 | 646 | 8.9 | 5468 | 9.2 |
2005 | 27464 | 9.8 | 248 | 8.1 | 211 | 9.1 | 672 | 9.2 | 5981 | 10.0 |
2006 | 27548 | 9.8 | 248 | 8.1 | 213 | 9.2 | 648 | 8.9 | 6004 | 10.0 |
2007 | 28828 | 10.3 | 266 | 8.7 | 228 | 9.8 | 665 | 9.1 | 6286 | 10.5 |
2008 | 31132 | 11.1 | 269 | 8.8 | 216 | 9.3 | 688 | 9.4 | 6846 | 11.4 |
Missing | - | - | 199 | 79 | 136 | 374 | ||||
Smokinga | ||||||||||
No | 230492 | 94.5 | 2061 | 94.9 | 1802 | 92.5 | 5684 | 92.2 | 48978 | 94.1 |
Yes | 13338 | 5.5 | 111 | 5.1 | 145 | 7.5 | 479 | 7.8 | 3061 | 5.9 |
Missing | 36934 | 1073 | 459 | 1253 | 8115 | |||||
Geocode accuracy | ||||||||||
9-Digit Zip | 684 | 0.2 | 4 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.1 | 18 | 0.2 | 135 | 0.2 |
Manual | 299 | 0.1 | 19 | 0.6 | 4 | 0.2 | 17 | 0.2 | 55 | 0.1 |
Street | 244927 | 87.2 | 2241 | 69.1 | 2018 | 83.9 | 6282 | 84.7 | 52591 | 87.4 |
Zip | 5955 | 2.1 | 42 | 1.3 | 39 | 1.6 | 156 | 2.1 | 1133 | 1.9 |
Not Geocoded | 28899 | 10.3 | 267 | 8.2 | 197 | 8.2 | 686 | 9.3 | 5737 | 9.5 |
Missing | - | - | 672 | 20.7 | 145 | 6.0 | 257 | 3.5 | 503 | 0.8 |