Table 1 Evidence of association between sub-daily exposure to PM and arrhythmia, ischemia and myocardial infarction^a

ST-Segment depression

Chuang et al., 2008

Aged 43-75 yrs, with CVD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 mean daily levels: 50th: 9 μg/m3, (max 40); BC measured;

1 to 6 h^b

Lag0

-

Gold et al., 2005

Aged 61-88 yrs

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5, 12 h mean levels: 10^th: 4, 90^th: 26 μg/m3; BC also measured;

1 h^b

Lag1 to 12 h

↑ at lag1 to 12 with BC

Lanki et al., 2008

Mean age 68 yrs (SD7), with CVD

Epi. Assessment during exercise

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly levels: 25^th: 9, 75^th: 18 μg/m3; fixed site UFP also measured; personal measurements made;

1 and 4 h^b

Lag0 to 24 h;

↑ at lag1 to 10 with PM2.5 1 h; ↑ with 4 h dur. pre-testing

Gong et al., 2003

Aged 18-45 yrs, 50% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 174 μg/m3 (SD37) with exercise;

2 h

Lag0_4^c 4_22 h

-

Mills et al., 2007b

Mean age 60 yrs (SD1), with prior MI

Exp.

Diesel PM : 300 μg/m3 with exercise;

1 h

Lag0

↑ at lag0

Fibrillation -arrhythmia

Ljungman et al., 2008

Mean age 62 yrs (SD13), with ICD

Epi.

Fixed site PM10 mean 2 h levels: 2 cities 50th: 19-15 μg/m3; PM2.5 measured in one city;

2 h^b

Lag0

↑ v. arrhythmia with PM10; - with PM2.5

Rich et al., 2006

Aged 45-78 yrs, with ICD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly 50th: 9 μg/m3 (25^th: 6, 75^th: 15); BC also measured;

1 h^b

Lag0

- a. fibrillation

Rich et al., 2006b

Mean age 63 yrs (20-88), with ICD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly 50th: 16 μg/m3 (25^th: 12, 75^th: 22); BC and OC also measured;

6 h

Lag0

- v. arrhythmia

Rich et al., 2005

Mean age 64 yrs (19-90), with ICD

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly 50th: 9 μg/m3 (25^th: 16, 75^th: 15); BC also measured;

2 and 6 h^b

Lag0

- v. arrhythmia

Gong et al., 2008

Aged 18-50 yrs, 45% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~UFP : 100 μg/m3 (SD68) with exercise;

2 h

Lag0_4^c 4_22 h

- ectopic beats

Gong et al., 2004

Mean age 36 yrs (SD11), 75% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~PM10 : 157 μg/m3 (SD41) with exercise;

2 h

Lag0_4^c 4_22 h

- ectopic beats

Gong et al., 2004b

Aged 54-85 yrs, 68% COPD

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 167 (SD27) μg/m3; with exercise;

2 h

Lag0_4^c 4_22 h

- ectopic beats^d

Gong et al., 2003

Aged 18-45 yrs, 50% asthmatics

Exp.

CAP~PM2.5 : 174 μg/m3 (SD37) with exercise;

2 h

Lag0_4^c 4_22 h

- ectopic beats

Myocardial Infarction and cardiac arrest

Murakami et al., 2006

Deaths for MI, mean age 72 yrs (SD13)

Epi.

Fixed site PM7 hrly 50th: 44 μg/m3 (0-1093);

1 to 6h^b

Lag0

↑

Peters et al., 2005

MI subjects, mean age 60 yrs (25-74)

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly 50th: 15 μg/m3 (25^th: 11, 75^th: 20); UFP also measured; Exposure to traffic;

1 h^b

Lag0 to 6 h and 24 h

- with PM2.5 or UFP; ↑ with traffic at lag0 to 6 h

Peters et al., 2001

MI subjects, mean age 62 yrs (SD13)

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly mean: 12 μg/m3 (SD9);

1 h^b

Lag0 to 5 h and 24 h

↑ at lag0 to 2 h

Rosenthal et al., 2008

Cardiac arrest subjects, mean age 61 yrs (SD17)

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly 50th: 14 μg/m3 (10^th: 6, 90^th: 30);

1 and 4 h^b

Lag0 to 8 h

↑ at lag0 and 1 h

Sullivan et al., 2005

MI subjects, mean age 69 yrs (21-98)

Epi.

Fixed site PM2.5 hrly 50th: 8.6 μg/m3 (2-147);

1, 2, 4 h^b

Lag0

-