Table 5 Summary of studies analyzing upper aero-digestive cancer risk associated with household air pollution
From: Household air pollution and cancers other than lung: a meta-analysis
Cancer site | Study | Cases (N) | Controls (N) | Exposure definition | Odds ratio | Variables adjusted for |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral | Franco (1989) [23] | 232 | 464 | Exposure to wood stove | 2.50 (1.60-3.90) | Age, sex, study site, admission period |
Sapkota (2012) [7] | 295 | 1,018 | Coal users for >50 years | 1.26 (0.46-3.47) | Country, age, sex, BMI, pack years smoking, alcohol, and dairy, red meat, fruits, vegetables. | |
Pintos (1998) [25] | 373 | 1,568 | Woodstoves for cooking and heating | 2.73 (1.76- 4.24) | Socioeconomic, diet, employment, alcohol tobacco | |
Dietz (1995) [24] | 100 | 400 | Single stove heating units with fossil fuel for > 40 years | 2.40 (1.26 – 4.40) | Smoking and alcohol | |
Nasopharyngeal | Feng (2009) [15] | 636 | 615 | Kanoun (compact oven of charcoal) during childhood | 1.86 (1.28-2.72) | Stratified: sex, center; adjusted: age, SES and diet |
Jeannel (1990) [16] | 80 | 160 | During childhood, kitchen in main room | 1.76 (0.73 - 4.27)** | None | |
Zheng (1994) [17] | 88 | 176 | Wood fire, poor ventilation | 2.14 (0.94-8.87)** | None | |
Yu (1988) [26] | 128 | 174 | Exposure to wood and dry grass | 0.81 (0.27-2.41)** | None | |
Yu (1986) [8] | 250 | 250 | Wood as cooking fuel | 1.51 (1.03-2.21)** | None | |
Guo (2009) [19] | 1,049 | 785 | >10 years exposure to wood fire | 5.82 (2.50-13.57) | Solvent exposures, smoking | |
Pharyngeal | Pintos (1998) [25] | 217 | 1,568 | Woodstoves for cooking and heating | 3.82 (1.96-7.42) | Socioeconomic, diet, employment place, alcohol and tobacco |
Sapkota (2012) [7] | 201 | 1,040 | Coal users for >50 years | 3.00 (0.30- 30.46) | Country, age, sex, BMI, pack years, alcohol, and dairy, red meat, fruits, vegetables | |
Dietz (1995) [24] | 105 | 420 | Single stove heating units with fossil fuel for >40 years | 3.30 (1.43-7.55) | Smoking and alcohol | |
Sapkota (2008) [14] | 513 | 718 | Coal use >50 years | 3.47 (0.95-12.69) | Age, sex, center, SES, smoking, alcohol, chewing tobacco | |
Esophageal | Chang-Claude (1990) [21] | 153 | 345 | Wood fuel use before 1970 | 2.60 (0.07- 9.20) | Household status |
Sapkota (2012) [7] | 186 | 1,110 | Coal users >50 years | 1.50 (0.48-4.71) | Country, age, sex, BMI, pack years, alcohol, and dairy, red meat, fruits, vegetables | |
Laryngeal | Maier (1997) [22] | 164 | 656 | > 40 years fossil fuel single stove | 2.00 (1.10- 3.50) | Alcohol and tobacco |
Sapkota (2012) [7] | 383 | 916 | Coal users for >50 years | 5.20 (1.84 -14.74) | Country, age, sex, BMI, pack years, alcohol, and dairy, red meat, fruits, vegetables | |
Sapkota (2008) [14] | 511 | 718 | Coal use >50 years | 3.65 (1.11-11.93) | Age, sex, center, SES, smoking, alcohol, chewing tobacco | |
Pintos (1998) [25] | 194 | 1,568 | Woodstoves for cooking and heating | 2.34 (1.17 - 4.67) | Socioeconomic, diet, employment place, alcohol and tobacco | |
Dietz (1995) [24] | 164 | 656 | Single stove heating units with fossil fuel for > 40 years | 2.00 (1.10 - 3.46) | Smoking and alcohol |