Table 3 Overview of toxic hazards and respective oral RfDs of pesticide residues quantified by identified studies
Compound | Metabolites | Agricultural use | Human hazard | Human oral RfD | GHS classa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbamates | |||||
Fenobucarb | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [98] | 60 μg/kg/day [99] | 4 | |
Organochlorines | |||||
Aldrin | Insecticide | Hepatotoxic [100] | 0.03 μg/kg/day [100] | – | |
Dieldrin | Probably carcinogenic [100] | 0.05 μg/kg/day [100] | – | ||
Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) | Dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD), Dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [101] | 0.5 μg/kg/day [100] | 3 |
Hepatotoxic [100] | |||||
Probably carcinogenic [100] | |||||
Endocrine-disrupting [101] | |||||
Endosulfan | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [102] | 5 μg/kg/day [102] | 3 | |
Nephrotoxic [102] | |||||
Heptachlor | Insecticide | Probably carcinogenic [100] | 0.5 μg/kg/day [100] | – | |
Heptachlor epoxide | 0.013 μg/kg/day [100] | – | |||
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) | Fungicide | Neurotoxic [103] | 0.8 μg/kg/day [100] | 5 | |
Hepatotoxic [100] | |||||
Probably carcinogenic [100] | |||||
α-Hexachloro-cyclohexane (α-HCH) | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [103] | 8 μg/kg/day [104] | 3 | |
Hepatotoxic [100] | |||||
Probably carcinogenic [100] | |||||
β-Hexachloro-cyclohexane (β-HCH) | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [103] | 0.6 μg/kg/day [104] | 3 | |
Possibly carcinogenic [100] | |||||
γ-Hexachloro-cyclohexane (γ-HCH) | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [103] | 0.01 μg/kg/day [104] | 3 | |
Hepatotoxic [100] | |||||
Nephrotoxic [100] | |||||
Potentially carcinogenic [103] | |||||
Organophosphates | |||||
Trichlorfon | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [105] | 2 μg/kg/day [105] | 3 | |
Pyrethroides | |||||
Cyfluthrin | Insecticide | Nephrotoxic [100] | 25 μg/kg/day [100] | 2 | |
Cypermethrin | Insecticide | Neurotoxic [100] | 10 μg/kg/day [100] | 3 | |