|  |  | 95 % C.I. | PM2.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Persons+ | HRÇ‚ | Lower | Upper | Mean | SD |
All | 299,500 | − | − | − | 6.32 | 2.54 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Male | 137,800 | − | − | − | 6.28 | 2.54 |
  Female | 161,700 | − | − | − | 6.36 | 2.54 |
Age group†|  |  |  |  |  |  |
  25–34 years | 52,500 | − | − | − | 6.39 | 2.54 |
  35–44 years | 59,400 | − | − | − | 6.29 | 2.50 |
  45–54 years | 58,100 | − | − | − | 6.21 | 2.51 |
  55–64 years | 54,900 | − | − | − | 6.20 | 2.51 |
  65–74 years | 41,700 | − | − | − | 6.41 | 2.58 |
  75–90 years | 32,900 | − | − | − | 6.58 | 2.64 |
Immigrant status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Not an immigrant | 270,300 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.19 | 2.50 |
  Immigrant (in Canada ≥ 20 years) | 28,800 | *0.863 | 0.834 | 0.894 | 7.57 | 2.52 |
Visible minority status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  White | 281,000 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.31 | 2.53 |
  Visible minority | 17,700 | 0.938 | 0.877 | 1.004 | 6.49 | 2.67 |
Aboriginal status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Not Aboriginal | 289,600 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.36 | 2.54 |
  Aboriginal | 9,200 | *1.390 | 1.267 | 1.525 | 5.12 | 2.21 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Married or common-law | 183,500 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.09 | 2.46 |
  Separated, divorced, widowed | 69,500 | *1.344 | 1.306 | 1.382 | 6.62 | 2.60 |
  Single, never married | 46,400 | *1.512 | 1.446 | 1.581 | 6.82 | 2.63 |
Educational attainment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Not completed high school | 71,700 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.01 | 2.58 |
  High school diploma | 113,500 | *0.829 | 0.806 | 0.852 | 6.25 | 2.50 |
  Post-secondary diploma/certificate | 64,900 | *0.723 | 0.694 | 0.753 | 6.43 | 2.51 |
  University degree | 47,100 | *0.581 | 0.552 | 0.611 | 6.83 | 2.51 |
Low income adequacy quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  1st quintile - lowest | 56,200 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.53 | 2.64 |
  2nd quintile | 54,500 | *0.787 | 0.762 | 0.813 | 6.37 | 2.58 |
  3rd quintile | 53,000 | *0.662 | 0.637 | 0.689 | 6.37 | 2.52 |
  4th quintile | 53,300 | *0.583 | 0.557 | 0.610 | 6.34 | 2.49 |
  5th quintile - highest | 56,700 | *0.483 | 0.458 | 0.509 | 6.17 | 2.43 |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Employed | 174,500 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.31 | 2.50 |
  Not employed: looked for work‡ | 7,300 | *1.522 | 1.319 | 1.757 | 6.20 | 2.61 |
  Not employed: did not look for work‡ | 78,100 | *1.818 | 1.732 | 1.908 | 6.25 | 2.55 |
  Permanently unable to work | 9,800 | *4.533 | 4.274 | 4.808 | 6.43 | 2.64 |
Body Mass Indexa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Underweight (<18.5) | 3,700 | *2.140 | 1.989 | 2.303 | 6.76 | 2.60 |
  Normal weight (18.5 - 25.0) | 93,700 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.54 | 2.55 |
  Overweight (25.0 - 30.0) | 114,900 | *0.804 | 0.781 | 0.828 | 6.29 | 2.52 |
  Obese I (30.0 - 35.0) | 54,700 | *0.884 | 0.852 | 0.917 | 6.14 | 2.52 |
  Obese II (>35.0) | 24,200 | *1.270 | 1.209 | 1.334 | 6.06 | 2.53 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  <5 servings per day | 153,200 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.38 | 2.56 |
  ≥5 servings per day | 101,100 | *0.828 | 0.806 | 0.851 | 6.52 | 2.52 |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Never smoked | 84,100 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.41 | 2.53 |
  Former smoker | 139,200 | *1.284 | 1.244 | 1.324 | 6.26 | 2.51 |
  Current daily or occasional smoker | 75,900 | *2.604 | 2.509 | 2.702 | 6.33 | 2.59 |
Alcohol | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Regular drinker (≥1 drink per month) | 141,700 | 1.000 | − | − | 6.51 | 2.55 |
  Occasional or former drinker | 80,800 | *1.394 | 1.356 | 1.433 | 6.25 | 2.59 |
  Never drinker | 11,000 | *1.274 | 1.214 | 1.337 | 6.17 | 2.64 |
Ecological covariatesb | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  % recent immigrants (CD-DA) | − | *1.102 | 1.064 | 1.141 | − | − |
  % recent immigrants (CD) | − | *0.713 | 0.680 | 0.747 | − | − |
  % completed high school (CD-DA) | − | *0.928 | 0.919 | 0.938 | − | − |
  % completed high school (CD) | − | *0.897 | 0.886 | 0.908 | − | − |
  % in low income families (CD-DA) | − | *1.119 | 1.107 | 1.131 | − | − |
  % in low income families (CD) | − | *1.100 | 1.070 | 1.131 | − | − |