Table 1 Geometric mean (SE) blood cadmium levels of the participants (n = 4064) at baseline with results grouped by demographic characteristics
From: Blood cadmium levels and Alzheimer’s disease mortality risk in older US adults
No. | Unadjusted mean (SE) | p-value | Smoking-adjusteda mean (SE) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | |||||
60–69 | 1852 | 0.48 (0.01) | 0.002 | 0.45 (0.01) | <.0001 |
70–79 | 1354 | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.51 (0.01) | ||
80–89 | 858 | 0.52 (0.01) | 0.58 (0.01) | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | 2024 | 0.48 (0.01) | 0.002 | 0.44 (0.01) | <.0001 |
Female | 2040 | 0.50 (0.01) | 0.54 (0.01) | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 2388 | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.017 | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.001 |
Black | 603 | 0.47 (0.01) | 0.46 (0.01) | ||
Hispanic | 972 | 0.48 (0.01) | 0.48 (0.02) | ||
Other | 101 | 0.62 (0.04) | 0.63 (0.04) | ||
Education | |||||
Less than high school | 1678 | 0.52 (0.01) | <.0001 | 0.54 (0.01) | <.0001 |
High school | 956 | 0.48 (0.01) | 0.50 (0.01) | ||
College or higher | 1430 | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.46 (0.01) | ||
Family income | |||||
Less than $20,000 | 1689 | 0.54 (0.01) | <.0001 | 0.54 (0.01) | <.0001 |
$20,000 or more | 2375 | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.47 (0.01) | ||
Serum cotinine, ng/mL | |||||
Q1 (≤0.022) | 1037 | 0.41 (0.01) | <.0001 | 0.46 (0.01) | <.0001 |
Q2 (0.023–0.037) | 1013 | 0.45 (0.01) | 0.50 (0.01) | ||
Q3 (0.038–0.297) | 1028 | 0.42 (0.01) | 0.48 (0.01) | ||
Q4 (≥0.30) | 986 | 0.75 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.02) | ||
Rice eating | |||||
Yes | 864 | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.317 | 0.50 (0.01) | 0.449 |
No | 3200 | 0.48 (0.02) | 0.49 (0.01) | ||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
< 18.5 | 51 | 0.67 (0.05) | <.0001 | 0.54 (0.04) | <.0001 |
18.5–24.9 | 1106 | 0.56 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.01) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 1646 | 0.47 (0.01) | 0.48 (0.01) | ||
≥ 30 | 1261 | 0.45 (0.01) | 0.47 (0.01) | ||
Diabetes | |||||
Yes | 876 | 0.45 (0.01) | 0.003 | 0.45 (0.01) | 0.003 |
No | 3188 | 0.50 (0.01) | 0.50 (0.01) | ||
Hypertension | |||||
Yes | 2760 | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.568 | 0.51 (0.01) | 0.003 |
No | 1304 | 0.50 (0.01) | 0.47 (0.01) | ||
Cigarette smoking | |||||
Current smoker | 494 | 1.14 (0.03) | <.0001 | ||
Former smoker | 1676 | 0.49 (0.01) | |||
Never smoker | 1894 | 0.39 (0.00) |