From: Maternal occupational exposure and oral clefts in offspring
Chromosomal controlsa | Non-chromosomal controlsb | All oral cleft | CP | CL(P) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | p-valuec | p-valued | n | % | p-valuec | p-valued | n | % | p-valuec | p-valued | |
1135 | 4356 | 387 | 124 | 263 | ||||||||||||
Child sex | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.83 | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
Boy | 547 | 48.2 | 2373 | 54.5 | 227 | 58.7 | 61 | 49.2 | 166 | 63.1 | ||||||
Girl | 588 | 51.8 | 1970 | 45.3 | 160 | 41.3 | 63 | 50.8 | 97 | 36.9 | ||||||
Unknown | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Number of babies/foetuses delivered | 0.31 | 0.98 | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.86 | 0.50 | ||||||||||
1 | 1089 | 96.0 | 4104 | 94.8 | 366 | 94.8 | 115 | 92.7 | 251 | 95.8 | ||||||
> 1 | 45 | 4.0 | 223 | 5.2 | 20 | 5.2 | 9 | 7.3 | 11 | 4.2 | ||||||
Unknown | 1 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||
Previous births | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.05 | ||||||||||
0 | 476 | 42.3 | 2313 | 53.2 | 180 | 46.6 | 57 | 46.0 | 123 | 46.9 | ||||||
1 | 461 | 40.9 | 461 | 34.6 | 141 | 36.5 | 45 | 36.3 | 96 | 36.6 | ||||||
≥ 2 | 189 | 16.8 | 189 | 12.1 | 65 | 16.8 | 22 | 17.7 | 43 | 16.4 | ||||||
Unknown | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||
Maternal age at delivery | <0.001 | 0.66 | 0.09 | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.66 | ||||||||||
15–19 | 4 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 2 | 0.8 | |||||||
20–24 | 55 | 4.8 | 369 | 8.5 | 24 | 6.2 | 8 | 6.5 | 16 | 6.1 | ||||||
25–29 | 299 | 26.3 | 1458 | 33.5 | 132 | 34.3 | 43 | 35.0 | 89 | 34.0 | ||||||
30–34 | 407 | 35.9 | 1770 | 40.7 | 154 | 40.0 | 47 | 38.2 | 107 | 40.8 | ||||||
35–39 | 284 | 25.0 | 651 | 15.0 | 63 | 16.4 | 19 | 15.4 | 44 | 16.8 | ||||||
> 40 | 86 | 7.6 | 86 | 2.0 | 10 | 2.6 | 6 | 4.9 | 4 | 1.5 | ||||||
Unknown | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 0.09 | 0.29 | ||||||||||
< 18.5 | 30 | 2.8 | 112 | 2.7 | 12 | 3.2 | 2 | 1.7 | 10 | 3.9 | ||||||
18.5–25 | 721 | 66.3 | 2713 | 64.6 | 224 | 59.1 | 71 | 59.2 | 153 | 59.1 | ||||||
25–30 | 258 | 23.7 | 975 | 23.2 | 101 | 26.6 | 33 | 27.5 | 68 | 26.3 | ||||||
> 30 | 78 | 7.2 | 402 | 9.6 | 42 | 11.1 | 14 | 11.7 | 28 | 10.8 | ||||||
Unknown | 48 | 150 | 8 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||
Education level | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.59 | 0.72 | 0.01 | 0.56 | ||||||||||
Low | 151 | 13.8 | 545 | 12.8 | 51 | 13.5 | 15 | 12.4 | 36 | 14.0 | ||||||
Middle | 462 | 42.2 | 2137 | 50.3 | 193 | 51.1 | 57 | 47.1 | 136 | 52.9 | ||||||
High | 481 | 44.0 | 1568 | 36.9 | 134 | 35.4 | 49 | 40.5 | 85 | 33.1 | ||||||
Unknown | 41 | 102 | 9 | 3 | 6 | |||||||||||
Smoking during pregnancy | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.18 | ||||||||||
No | 89 | 81.0 | 3321 | 77.0 | 291 | 75.4 | 98 | 79.7 | 193 | 73.4 | ||||||
Yes | 210 | 19.0 | 992 | 23.0 | 95 | 24.6 | 25 | 20.3 | 70 | 26.6 | ||||||
Unknown | 28 | 39 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||||||||
Alcohol during pregnancy | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.17 | ||||||||||
No | 811 | 73.3 | 3276 | 76.1 | 306 | 79.3 | 96 | 78.0 | 210 | 79.8 | ||||||
Yes | 296 | 26.7 | 1029 | 23.9 | 80 | 20.7 | 27 | 22.0 | 53 | 20.2 | ||||||
Unknown | 28 | 47 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||||||||
Folic acid use | 0.64 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 0.52 | 0.34 | 0.49 | ||||||||||
No | 224 | 21.3 | 844 | 20.5 | 77 | 20.1 | 28 | 23.0 | 49 | 18.8 | ||||||
Yes | 830 | 78.7 | 3265 | 79.5 | 306 | 79.9 | 94 | 77.0 | 212 | 81.2 | ||||||
Unknown | 81 | 243 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||
Fertility problems | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.84 | ||||||||||
No | 889 | 81.0 | 3634 | 85.0 | 316 | 82.9 | 98 | 79.7 | 218 | 84.5 | ||||||
Yes | 209 | 19.0 | 643 | 15.0 | 65 | 17.1 | 25 | 20.3 | 40 | 15.5 | ||||||
Unknown | 37 | 75 | 6 | 1 | 5 | |||||||||||
Positive family historye | 0.003 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.60 | 0.005 | 0.07 | ||||||||||
No | 960 | 85.0 | 3819 | 88.0 | 352 | 91.0 | 111 | 89.5 | 241 | 91.6 | ||||||
Yes | 170 | 15.0 | 523 | 12.0 | 35 | 9.0 | 13 | 10.5 | 22 | 8.4 | ||||||
Unknown | 4 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |