Table 3 Prevalence exposures and association between periconceptional maternal occupational exposure and all oral clefts, cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL(P)) using non-chromosomal/non-monogenic malformed controls
From: Maternal occupational exposure and oral clefts in offspring
Exposure | Diagnosis | Prevalence exposure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | OR | 95% CI | aORa | 95%CI | ||
Any agent | Non-chromosomal control | 1642 | 37.7 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 170 | 43.9 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.6 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.6 | |
CP | 42 | 33.9 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.2 | |
CL(P) | 128 | 48.7 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.0 | 1.5 | 1.2–2.0 | |
Solvents | Non-chromosomal control | 1075 | 24.7 | Ref | |||
All oral cleft | 103 | 26.6 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | |
CP | 29 | 23.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | |
CL(P) | 74 | 28.1 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | |
Aromatic solvents | Non-chromosomal control | 140 | 3.2 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 17 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.3 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.3 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.1 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.1 | |
CL(P) | 12 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.6 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.7 | |
Chlorinated solvents | Non-chromosomal control | 190 | 4.4 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 18 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.8 | |
CP | 4 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 0.3–2.0 | 0.7 | 0.3–2.0 | |
CL(P) | 14 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.2 | |
Other solvents | Non-chromosomal control | 1042 | 23.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 99 | 25.6 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | |
CP | 28 | 22.6 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | |
CL(P) | 71 | 27.0 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | |
Pesticides | Non-chromosomal control | 88 | 2.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 14 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.2 | 1.7 | 1.0–3.1 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 0.8–5.1 | 1.9 | 0.8–4.8 | |
CL(P) | 9 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.4 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.4 | |
Fungicides | Non-chromosomal control | 70 | 1.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 13 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 1.2–3.9 | 2.0 | 1.1–3.7 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 1.0–6.5 | 2.4 | 0.9–6.0 | |
CL(P) | 8 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 0.9–3.6 | 1.9 | 0.9–4.0 | |
Herbicides | Non-chromosomal control | 36 | 0.8 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.8–4.5 | 1.8 | 0.8–4.4 | |
CP | 1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.1–7 2 | 0.9 | 0.1–7.0 | |
CL(P) | 5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 0.9–6.0 | 2.3 | 0.9–5.9 | |
Insecticides | Non-chromosomal control | 84 | 1.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 14 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.4 | 1.8 | 1.0–3.2 | |
CP | 5 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 0.9–5.4 | 2.0 | 0.8–5.0 | |
CL(P) | 9 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 0.9–3.6 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.5 | |
Heavy metals | Non-chromosomal control | 44 | 1.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.9 | 1.1 | 0.4–3.0 | |
CP | 1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.1–5.8 | 0.9 | 0.1–6.3 | |
CL(P) | 3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.3–3.7 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.8 | |
Dust | Control | 1346 | 30.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 146 | 37.7 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.7 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.6 | |
CP | 37 | 28.8 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | |
CL(P) | 109 | 41.4 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.0 | 1.5 | 1.2–2.0 | |
Organic dust | Non-chromosomal control | 1288 | 29.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 142 | 36.7 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.7 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | |
CP | 36 | 29.0 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.4 | |
CL(P) | 106 | 40.3 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.1 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.0 | |
Mineral dust | Non-chromosomal control | 396 | 9.1 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 40 | 10.3 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.6 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.6 | |
CP | 9 | 7.3 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 | |
CL(P) | 31 | 11.8 | 1.3 | 0.9–2.0 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | |
Gases and fumes | Non-chromosomal control | 1521 | 34.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
All oral cleft | 126 | 32.6 | 0.8 | 0.7–1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 | |
CP | 29 | 23.4 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.9 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.9 | |
CL(P) | 97 | 36.9 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | |