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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and age-adjusted associations with BMI growth and BMI at age 10 years in children enrolled in the longitudinal Children’s Health Studya

From: Longitudinal associations of in utero and early life near-roadway air pollution with trajectories of childhood body mass index

Characteristic

n (%)b

Associations with BMI growthc (95% CI)

Associations with BMI at Age 10 yearsc (95% CI)

Overweight/Obesity Statusd

 Normal

1651 (71.2)

reference

reference

 Overweight

320 (13.8)

0.4 (0.3, 0.5)

4.1 (3.8, 4.5)

 Obese

347 (15.0)

0.7 (0.7,0.8)

9.0 (8.6, 9.3)

Sex

 Female

1145 (49.4)

reference

reference

 Male

1173 (50.6)

0.06 (0.004, 0.1)

0.3 (−0.06, 0.7)

Race/Ethnicity

 White

771 (33.3)

reference

reference

 Hispanic

1290 (55.7)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

1.9 (1.6, 2.3)

 Black

72 (3.1)

0.2 (−0.02, 0.3)

1.2 (0.1, 2.2)

 Asian/Pacific Islander

67 (2.9)

0.2 (−0.006, 0.4)

0.9 (−0.2, 2.0)

 Other

114 (4.9)

0.2 (0.04, 0.3)

0.7 (−0.2, 1.5)

Parental Education

 Less than high school

410 (18.4)

reference

reference

 High school

430 (19.3)

−0.2 (− 0.3, − 0.06)

−1.0 (−1.6, − 0.5)

 Above high school

1389 (62.3)

−0.3 (− 0.4, − 0.2)

−2.0 (−2.4, − 1.4)

Spanish Questionnairee

 No

1818 (78.4)

reference

reference

 Yes

500 (21.6)

0.2 (0.2, 0.3)

1.7 (1.3, 2.1)

Self-Reported Premature Birth

 No

2003 (88.9)

reference

reference

 Yes

251 (11.1)

−0.01 (− 0.1, 0.08)

−0.6 (− 1.1, 0.02)

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

 No

2083 (92.7)

reference

reference

 Yes

164 (7.3)

−0.01 (− 0.1, 0.1)

− 0.5 (− 1.2, 0.2)

Residential Second-Hand Smokef

 No

2110 (93.2)

reference

reference

 Yes, child is home

110 (4.9)

0.1 (0.02, 0.2)

0.3 (0.07, 0.6)

 Yes, child is not home

44 (1.9)

0.1 (−0.04, 0.2)

0.2 (− 0.2, 0.5)

Lifetime History of Asthma

 No

1928 (85.1)

reference

reference

 Yes

338 (14.9)

−0.04 (− 0.1, 0.008)

0.09 (− 0.08, 0.2)

Organized Team Sportg

 No

1141 (57.8)

reference

reference

 Yes

832 (42.2)

−0.08 (− 0.1, − 0.04)

−0.2 (− 0.3, − 0.09)

  1. aThis analysis includes a subset of the Children’s Health Study participants who had available NRAP exposure data for in utero or first year of life periods, at least two measures of BMI during study follow up period, completed a baseline questionnaire, and had moved homes at least once before study enrollment
  2. bFirst observation of participant with NRAP exposures (n = 2318); variable denominators may differ due to missing values.
  3. cAge-adjusted association for each characteristic with BMI growth over study follow up period and attained BMI at age 10 years
  4. dOverweight/ Obesity status: Normal is <85th percentile of age-, sex-specific BMI using 2000 CDC growth chart, overweight is 85-95th percentile of age-, sex-specific BMI, obese is ≥95th percentile of age-, sex- specific BMI.
  5. eSpanish Questionnaire is if parent filled out baseline questionnaire in Spanish and serves as a surrogate measure for recent immigration.
  6. f Residential second-hand smoke is if anyone living in the child’s home smokes daily inside the home.
  7. gOrganized team sport is if the child played outdoors in any organized team sport at least twice a week during the past year
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X