Table 2 Population characteristics in Fresno County, 2009–2012 (N = 53,843)
From: Environmental pollution and social factors as contributors to preterm birth in Fresno County
Population Characteristics | n (%) | Pollution Burden Quintile | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | ||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White non-Hispanic | 10,620 (19.7) | 139 (35.0) | 583 (53.5) | 2042 (38.3) | 4113 (20.0) | 3665 (14.0) |
Hispanic | 32,302 (60.0) | 212 (53.4) | 357 (32.8) | 2186 (41.0) | 12,314 (59.7) | 17,210 (65.5) |
Black | 3095 (5.8) | * | 17 (1.6) | 226 (4.2) | 1159 (5.6) | 1689 (6.4) |
Asian | 5675 (10.5) | * | 100 (9.2) | 512 (9.6) | 2141 (10.4) | 2899 (11.0) |
American Indian/Alaska native | 546 (1.0) | 19 (4.8) | * | 70 (1.3) | 201 (1.0) | 245 (0.9) |
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 70 (0.1) | * | * | * | 40 (0.2) | 19 (0.1) |
Other race | 581 (1.1) | * | * | 171 (3.2) | 244 (1.2) | 155 (0.6) |
Two or more races | 954 (1.8) | * | * | 122 (2.3) | 406 (2.0) | 395 (1.5) |
Infant sex | ||||||
Male | 27,354 (50.8) | 208 (52.4) | 569 (52.3) | 2675 (50.1) | 10,437 (50.6) | 13,391 (51.0) |
Female | 26,489 (49.2) | 189 (47.6) | 520 (47.8) | 2663 (49.9) | 10,180 (49.4) | 12,886 (49.0) |
Maternal age at delivery (years) | ||||||
< 18 | 2263 (4.2) | 19 (4.8) | 22 (2.0) | 132 (2.5) | 801 (3.9) | 1288 (4.9) |
18–34 | 45,552 (84.6) | 340 (84.6) | 864 (79.3) | 4420 (82.8) | 17,506 (84.9) | 22,331 (85.0) |
> 34 | 6028 (11.2) | 38 (9.6) | 203 (18.6) | 786 (14.7) | 2311 (11.2) | 2658 (10.1) |
Maternal education (years) | ||||||
< 12 | 16,607 (30.8) | 85 (21.4) | 132 (12.1) | 990 (18.6) | 5877 (28.5) | 9522 (36.2) |
12 | 15,195 (28.2) | 159 (40.1) | 232 (21.3) | 1275 (23.9) | 6063 (29.4) | 7456 (28.4) |
> 12 | 22,041 (40.9) | 153 (38.5) | 725 (66.6) | 3073 (57.6) | 8678 (42.1) | 9299 (35.4) |
WIC participanta | ||||||
Yes | 39,404 (73.2) | 287 (72.4) | 436 (40.0) | 2760 (51.7) | 15,190 (73.7) | 20,723 (79.0) |
No | 14,439 (26.8) | 150 (37.8) | 655 (60.2) | 2532 (47.4) | 5305 (25.7) | 5192 (9.8) |
Payer for delivery costs | ||||||
Private insurance | 13,949 (25.9) | 150 (37.8) | 655 (60.2) | 2532 (47.4) | 5305 (25.7) | 5192 (9.8) |
Medi-Cal | 39,040 (72.5) | 222 (55.9) | 399 (36.6) | 2730 (51.1) | 15,015 (72.8) | 20,665 (78.6) |
Other government payer | 651 (1.2) | * | 22 (2.0) | 20 (0.4) | 36 (0.2) | 43 (0.2) |
Self-pay | 134 (0.3) | * | * | 50 (0.9) | 230 (1.1) | 346 (1.3) |
Other payer | 2 (0.0) | * | * | * | * | * |
No pay | 67 (0.1) | * | * | * | 31 (0.2) | 30 (0.1) |
Place of mother’s birth | ||||||
United States | 35,911 (66.7) | 317 (79.9) | 825 (75.8) | 3881 (72.7) | 13,930 (67.6) | 16,854 (64.1) |
Mexico | 13,174 (24.5) | 68 (17.1) | 121 (11.1) | 737 (13.8) | 4865 (23.6) | 7382 (28.1) |
Other | 4758 (8.8) | 12 (3.0) | 143 (13.1) | 720 (13.5) | 1823 (8.8) | 2041 (7.8) |
Maternal conditionsb | ||||||
Diabetes, preexisting | 565 (1.1) | * | * | 33 (0.6) | 220 (1.7) | 302 (1.2) |
Diabetes, gestational | 4875 (9.1) | 42 (10.6) | 86 (7.9) | 429 (8.0) | 1796 (8.7) | 2517 (9.6) |
Hypertension, preexisting | 915 (1.7) | * | * | 103 (1.9) | 351 (1.7) | 436 (1.7) |
Without preeclampsia | 649 (1.2) | * | * | 75 (1.4) | 254 (1.2) | 298 (1.1) |
With preeclampsia | 266 (0.5) | * | * | 28 (0.5) | 97 (0.5) | 138 (0.5) |
Hypertension, gestational | 3004 (5.6) | * | 47 (4.3) | 294 (5.5) | 1083 (5.3) | 1564 (6.0) |
Without preeclampsia | 1224 (2.3) | * | 21 (1.9) | 140 (2.6) | 424 (2.1) | 629 (2.4) |
With preeclampsia | 1780 (3.3) | * | 26 (2.4) | 154 (2.9) | 659 (3.2) | 936 (3.6) |
Infection | 7402 (13.8) | 45 (11.3) | 102 (9.4) | 562 (10.5) | 2805 (13.6) | 3789 (14.8) |
Anemia | 4187 (7.8) | 31 (7.8) | 73 (6.7) | 423 (7.9) | 1887 (9.2) | 2725 (10.4) |
Mental Illness | 1231 (2.3) | * | 35 (3.2) | 155 (2.9) | 680 (3.3) | 954 (3.6) |
Reported Smoking | 276 (0.5) | 27 (6.8) | 89 (8.2) | 451 (8.5) | 1664 (8.1) | 1947 (7.4) |
Reported Drug Abuse | 1835 (3.4) | * | * | 94 (1.8) | 423 (2.1) | 697 (2.7) |
Reported Alcohol Dependence | 5147 (9.6) | |||||
Trimester when prenatal care began | ||||||
1st | 45,632 (84.8) | 307 (77.3) | 940 (86.3) | 4659 (87.3) | 17,575 (85.2) | 22,032 (83.9) |
2nd | 4846 (9.0) | 66 (16.6) | 93 (8.5) | 341 (6.4) | 1726 (8.4) | 2619 (10.0) |
3rd | 696 (1.3) | * | 20 (1.8) | 76 (1.4) | 246 (1.2) | 340 (1.3) |
Multiparous sample | 35,638 | 261 | 708 | 3354 | 13,591 | 17,651 |
Previous Cesarean-section | 9179 (25.8) | 78 (29.9) | 208 (29.4) | 886 (26.4) | 3520 (25.9) | 4462 (25.3) |
Previous Preterm Birth | 403 (1.1) | * | * | 48 (1.4) | 168 (1.2) | 178 (1.0) |
Interpregnancy Interval c | ||||||
< 6 months | 2283 (6.4) | 21 (8.1) | 28 (4.0) | 174 (5.2) | 853 (6.3) | 1207 (6.8) |
6–23 months | 11,683 (32.8) | 76 (29.1) | 271 (38.3) | 1142 (34.1) | 4407 (32.4) | 5748 (32.6) |
24–59 months | 13,671 (38.4) | 112 (42.9) | 253 (35.7) | 1233 (36.8) | 5208 (38.3) | 6843 (38.8) |
> 59 months | 5371 (15.1) | 34 (13.0) | 95 (13.4) | 527 (15.7) | 2099 (15.4) | 2610 (14.8) |