From: Environmental pollution and social factors as contributors to preterm birth in Fresno County
Environmental Exposure | Low SES | High SES | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 37 weeks | ≥37 weeks | < 37 weeks | ≥37 weeks | |||||
N (%) | N (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR* (95% CI) | N (%) | N (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR* (95% CI) | |
Sample | 2455 | 24,998 | 2105 | 24,285 | ||||
Exposures Score | ||||||||
< 50th | 924 (37.6) | 10,360 (41.4) | Reference | Reference | 1172 (55.7) | 14,101 (58.1) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1531 (62.4) | 14,638 (58.6) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.06, 1.25) | 933 (44.3) | 10,184 (41.9) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) |
Ozone | ||||||||
< 50th | 1481 (60.4) | 15,063 (60.3) | Reference | Reference | 777 (36.9) | 8752 (36.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 974 (39.7) | 9935 (39.7) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1295 (61.5) | 14,916 (61.4) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) |
Pesticides | ||||||||
< 50th | 1019 (41.5) | 9872 (39.5) | Reference | Reference | 1244 (59.1) | 14,691 (60.5) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1436 (58.5) | 15,126 (60.5) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 861 (40.9) | 9594 (39.5) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) |
PM2.5 | ||||||||
< 50th | 592 (24.1) | 6434 (25.7) | Reference | Reference | 1425 (67.7) | 17,259 (71.1) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1736 (70.7) | 17,286 (69.2) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.18) | 650 (30.9) | 6492 (26.7) | 1.19 (1.09, 1.31) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) |
Diesel PM | ||||||||
< 50th | 1096 (44.6) | 12,166 (48.7) | Reference | Reference | 1051 (49.9) | 12,587 (51.8) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1359 (55.4) | 12,832 (51.3) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.25) | 1054 (50.1) | 11,698 (48.2) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) |
Toxic Release | ||||||||
< 50th | 735 (29.9) | 8106 (32.4) | Reference | Reference | 1315 (62.5) | 16,391 (67.5) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1720 (70.1) | 16,892 (67.6) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.22) | 790 (37.5) | 7894 (32.5) | 1.22 (1.12, 1.34) | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29) |
Traffic | ||||||||
< 50th | 1240 (50.5) | 13,288 (52.9) | Reference | Reference | 972 (46.2) | 11,579 (47.7) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1215 (49.5) | 11,770 (47.1) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1133 (53.8) | 12,706 (52.3) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) |
Drinking Water | ||||||||
< 50th | 143 (5.8) | 1863 (7.5) | Reference | Reference | 402 (19.1) | 4713 (19.4) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2312 (94.2) | 23,135 (92.6) | 1.27 (1.08, 1.51) | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) | 1703 (80.90 | 19,572 (80.6) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) |
Arsenic | ||||||||
< 50th | 234 (9.5) | 2467 (9.9) | Reference | Reference | 493 (23.4) | 6230 (25.7) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2221 (90.5) | 22,531 (90.1) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 1612 (76.6) | 18,055 (74.4) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) |
Cadmium | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2455 (100.0) | 24,998 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) | ||||||||
< 50th | 979 (39.9) | 10,100 (40.4) | Reference | Reference | 604 (28.7) | 6924 (28.5) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1476 (60.1) | 14,898 (59.5) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1472 (69.9) | 16,834 (69.3) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
Hexavalent Chromium | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2147 (87.5) | 21,281 (85.1) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
Lead | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2455 (100.0) | 24,998 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
Nitrate | ||||||||
< 50th | 1019 (41.5) | 10,330 (41.3) | Reference | Reference | 1226 (58.2) | 14,410 (59.3) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1436 (58.5) | 14,668 (58.7) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 879 (41.8) | 9875 (40.7) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) |
Perchlorate | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2455 (100.0) | 24,998 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
Trichloroethylene (TCE) | ||||||||
< 50th | 1036 (42.2) | 11,114 (44.5) | Reference | Reference | 1182 (56.2) | 13,607 (56.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1419 (57.8) | 13,884 (55.5) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.17) | 923 (43.9) | 10,678 (44.0) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) |
Trihalomethane (THM) | ||||||||
< 50th | 1145 (46.6) | 11,838 (47.4) | Reference | Reference | 859 (40.8) | 9593 (39.5) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1310 (53.4) | 13,160 (52.6) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 1246 (59.2) | 14,692 (60.5) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) |
Uranium | ||||||||
< 50th | 487 (19.8) | 5535 (22.1) | Reference | Reference | 294 (14.0) | 3801 (15.7) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1968 (80.2) | 19,463 (77.9) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.25) | 1679 (79.8) | 18,9488 (78.0) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) |
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)Violations | ||||||||
< 50th | 1030 (42.0) | 10,577 (42.3) | Reference | Reference | 1207 (57.3) | 13,998 (57.6) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1425 (58.0) | 14,4211 (57.7) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 898 (42.7) | 10,287 (42.4) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) |
Total coliform rule (TCR) Violations | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2455 (100.0) | 24,998 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
Environmental Effects Score | ||||||||
< 50th | 1036 (42.2) | 10,073 (40.3) | Reference | Reference | 1254 (59.6) | 14,381 (59.2) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1419 (57.8) | 14,925 (59.7) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 851 (40.4) | 9904 (40.8) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) |
Cleanup Sites | ||||||||
< 50th | 1168 (47.6) | 11,805 (47.2) | Reference | Reference | 1139 (54.1) | 12,799 (52.7) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1287 (52.4) | 13,193 (52.8) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 966 (45.9) | 11,486 (47.3) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) |
Groundwater Threats | ||||||||
< 50th | 973 (39.6) | 9545 (38.2) | Reference | Reference | 1290 (61.3) | 15,062 (62.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1482 (60.4) | 15,453 (61.8) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 815 (38.7) | 9223 (38.) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.12) |
Hazardous Waste | ||||||||
< 50th | 1023 (41.7) | 10,195 (40.8) | Reference | Reference | 1240 (58.9) | 14,430 (59.4) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1432 (58.3) | 14,803 (59.2) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 865 (41.1) | 9855 (40.6) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) |
Impaired Water Bodies | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2455 (100.0) | 24,998 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
Solid Waste | ||||||||
< 50th | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 2455 (100.0) | 24,998 (100.0) | NC | NC | 2105 (100.0) | 24,285 (100.0) | NC | NC |
Pollution Burden Score | ||||||||
< 50th | 827 (33.7) | 8615 (35.5) | Reference | Reference | 1380 (65.6) | 16,068 (66.2) | Reference | Reference |
≥ 50th | 1628 (66.3) | 16,383 (65.5) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 725 (34.4) | 8217 (33.8) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.11) |