|
Biomarkersa
|
16–20 weeks (N = 389)
|
24–28 weeks (N = 262)
|
p-value
|
|
GM (GSD)
|
% < LOD
|
25%
|
50%
|
75%
|
95%
|
GM (GSD)
|
% < LOD
|
25%
|
50%
|
75%
|
95%
|
|
2,4-DCP
|
1.17 (3.24)
|
0.5
|
0.52
|
0.93
|
2.0
|
10.7
|
1.13 (9.8)
|
2.3
|
0.46
|
0.86
|
2.19
|
12.9
|
0.65
|
|
2,5-DCP
|
14.03 (5.14)
|
0.3
|
4.57
|
10.4
|
30.2
|
432.6
|
13.63 (360.3)
|
0
|
4.63
|
9.61
|
26.53
|
429.6
|
0.70
|
|
BPA
|
2.31 (2.25)
|
0.3
|
1.33
|
2.14
|
3.36
|
9.56
|
1.88 (2.4)
|
0.8
|
1.14
|
1.83
|
3.0
|
6.18
|
< 0.001*
|
|
BPSi
|
0.54 (3.15)
|
3.4
|
0.23
|
0.50
|
1.07
|
4.01
|
0.54 (5.2)
|
8.6
|
0.23
|
0.47
|
1.06
|
4.23
|
0.95
|
|
BPFi
|
0.35 (3.18)
|
51.9
|
<LOD
|
0.25
|
0.56
|
2.88
|
0.31 (2.4)
|
59.9
|
<LOD
|
0.24
|
0.46
|
2.09
|
0.22
|
|
BP-3
|
38.34 (6.49)
|
0.5
|
10.6
|
22.4
|
110.8
|
1547
|
44.27 (2500.4)
|
0.8
|
11.9
|
25.3
|
160.7
|
1913.5
|
0.69
|
|
TCS
|
21.78 (8.72)
|
11.1
|
3.70
|
13.1
|
146.8
|
877.4
|
25.03 (327.4)
|
6.1
|
4.73
|
17.9
|
118.6
|
960.2
|
0.64
|
|
TCCi
|
4.34 (10.27)
|
5.8
|
0.70
|
3.36
|
33.6
|
157.7
|
4.86 (56.2)
|
5.6
|
0.78
|
4.78
|
32.76
|
168.6
|
0.46
|
|
EPBi
|
3.42 (7.73)
|
42.4
|
<LOD
|
1.66
|
15.4
|
177.5
|
2.55 (62.1)
|
54
|
<LOD
|
<LOD
|
7.6
|
76.1
|
0.12
|
|
MPB
|
80.72 (5.06)
|
0.3
|
25.08
|
116.5
|
274.8
|
846.1
|
92.5 (359)
|
0.8
|
30.2
|
111
|
314.5
|
1054.9
|
0.18
|
|
BPB
|
0.55 (8.12)
|
23.8
|
0.10
|
0.25
|
2.17
|
39.1
|
0.42 (12.2)
|
33.5
|
0.10
|
0.2
|
0.91
|
32.6
|
0.04*
|
|
PPB
|
17.51 (7.19)
|
0
|
3.59
|
21.1
|
80.5
|
262.4
|
17.61 (111.4)
|
0.4
|
4.0
|
25.17
|
83.65
|
253.8
|
0.99
|
|
Hormones
|
16–20 weeks (N = 483)
|
24–28 weeks (N = 389)
|
p-value
|
|
GM (GSD)
|
% < LOD
|
25%
|
50%
|
75%
|
95%
|
GM (GSD)
|
% < LOD
|
25%
|
50%
|
75%
|
95%
|
|
Progesteroneb
|
49.63 (1.49)
|
0
|
37.2
|
48.5
|
61.6
|
98.2
|
95.94 (1.65)
|
0
|
70.9
|
90.9
|
129.2
|
222.7
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Estriolb
|
18.85 (1.76)
|
0
|
13.2
|
17.6
|
27.5
|
50.5
|
44.63 (1.59)
|
0
|
33.8
|
44.9
|
57.5
|
97.3
|
< 0.001*
|
|
SHBG c
|
575.22 (1.4)
|
0
|
482.4
|
588.6
|
703.8
|
907.9
|
670.19 (1.35)
|
0
|
536.3
|
672.9
|
832.6
|
1097.7
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Prog/Estriol
|
2.64 (1.69)
|
–
|
1.97
|
2.66
|
3.70
|
5.83
|
2.15 (1.62)
|
–
|
1.58
|
2.12
|
2.86
|
4.48
|
< 0.001*
|
|
CRHd
|
76.67 (1.70)
|
0
|
54.8
|
80.6
|
111.8
|
171.9
|
78.01 (1.76)
|
0
|
55.2
|
82.8
|
114.3
|
178.1
|
< 0.001*
|
|
Testosteronef
|
50.55 (1.81)
|
1.8
|
37.5
|
51.5
|
73.5
|
124.4
|
60.22 (1.75)
|
0.9
|
45.1
|
60.7
|
88.1
|
131.6
|
< 0.001*
|
|
TSHe
|
1.29 (2.14)
|
0
|
0.93
|
1.38
|
2.06
|
3.28
|
1.45 (1.79)
|
0
|
1.08
|
1.51
|
2.05
|
3.64
|
0.04*
|
|
FT4f
|
1.10 (1.13)
|
0
|
1.02
|
1.10
|
1.19
|
1.35
|
1.06 (1.13)
|
0
|
0.98
|
1.06
|
1.15
|
1.29
|
< 0.001*
|
|
T3b
|
1.94 (1.22)
|
0
|
1.71
|
1.97
|
2.22
|
2.59
|
1.95 (1.21)
|
0
|
1.72
|
1.99
|
2.24
|
2.67
|
0.03*
|
|
T4 g
|
11.90 (1.20)
|
0
|
10.7
|
11.95
|
13.3
|
15.7
|
11.71 (1.20)
|
0
|
10.5
|
11.7
|
13.2
|
15.5
|
0.27
|
|
T3/T4
|
0.16 (1.21)
|
–
|
0.14
|
0.16
|
0.19
|
0.23
|
0.17 (1.22)
|
–
|
0.15
|
0.17
|
0.19
|
0.23
|
< 0.001*
|
- GM Geometric mean, GSD Geometric standard deviation
- 2,4-DCP: 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP: 2,5-dichlorophenol; BP-3 Benzophenone, TCS Triclosan, TCC Triclocarban, EPB ethylparaben, MPB Methylparaben, BPB Butylparaben, PPB Propylparaben
- Range of gestational weeks: 16–20 weeks: 16–20 weeks gestation, 24–28 weeks: 24–28 weeks gestation
- *Significant difference (p < 0.05) in urinary biomarker or hormone compared to reference (16–20 weeks) using linear mixed models with a random intercept
- aUnits: μg/L. b Units: ng/mL. c Units: nmol/L. d Units: pg/mL. e Units: uIU/mL. f Units: ng/dL. g Units: μg/dL. I BPS, BPF, TCC and EPB had the lowest sample sizes because they were added to the biomarker assay at mid-study. At 16–20 weeks, these four urinary biomarkers had N = 295. At 24–28 weeks, these four urinary biomarkers had N = 198
