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Table 2 Distribution of SG-corrected urinary biomarker concentrations and hormones and differences by study visit of sample collection in pregnancy

From: A repeated measures study of phenol, paraben and Triclocarban urinary biomarkers and circulating maternal hormones during gestation in the Puerto Rico PROTECT cohort

Biomarkersa

16–20 weeks (N = 389)

24–28 weeks (N = 262)

p-value

GM (GSD)

% < LOD

25%

50%

75%

95%

GM (GSD)

% < LOD

25%

50%

75%

95%

2,4-DCP

1.17 (3.24)

0.5

0.52

0.93

2.0

10.7

1.13 (9.8)

2.3

0.46

0.86

2.19

12.9

0.65

2,5-DCP

14.03 (5.14)

0.3

4.57

10.4

30.2

432.6

13.63 (360.3)

0

4.63

9.61

26.53

429.6

0.70

BPA

2.31 (2.25)

0.3

1.33

2.14

3.36

9.56

1.88 (2.4)

0.8

1.14

1.83

3.0

6.18

< 0.001*

BPSi

0.54 (3.15)

3.4

0.23

0.50

1.07

4.01

0.54 (5.2)

8.6

0.23

0.47

1.06

4.23

0.95

BPFi

0.35 (3.18)

51.9

<LOD

0.25

0.56

2.88

0.31 (2.4)

59.9

<LOD

0.24

0.46

2.09

0.22

BP-3

38.34 (6.49)

0.5

10.6

22.4

110.8

1547

44.27 (2500.4)

0.8

11.9

25.3

160.7

1913.5

0.69

TCS

21.78 (8.72)

11.1

3.70

13.1

146.8

877.4

25.03 (327.4)

6.1

4.73

17.9

118.6

960.2

0.64

TCCi

4.34 (10.27)

5.8

0.70

3.36

33.6

157.7

4.86 (56.2)

5.6

0.78

4.78

32.76

168.6

0.46

EPBi

3.42 (7.73)

42.4

<LOD

1.66

15.4

177.5

2.55 (62.1)

54

<LOD

<LOD

7.6

76.1

0.12

MPB

80.72 (5.06)

0.3

25.08

116.5

274.8

846.1

92.5 (359)

0.8

30.2

111

314.5

1054.9

0.18

BPB

0.55 (8.12)

23.8

0.10

0.25

2.17

39.1

0.42 (12.2)

33.5

0.10

0.2

0.91

32.6

0.04*

PPB

17.51 (7.19)

0

3.59

21.1

80.5

262.4

17.61 (111.4)

0.4

4.0

25.17

83.65

253.8

0.99

Hormones

16–20 weeks (N = 483)

24–28 weeks (N = 389)

p-value

GM (GSD)

% < LOD

25%

50%

75%

95%

GM (GSD)

% < LOD

25%

50%

75%

95%

Progesteroneb

49.63 (1.49)

0

37.2

48.5

61.6

98.2

95.94 (1.65)

0

70.9

90.9

129.2

222.7

< 0.001*

Estriolb

18.85 (1.76)

0

13.2

17.6

27.5

50.5

44.63 (1.59)

0

33.8

44.9

57.5

97.3

< 0.001*

SHBG c

575.22 (1.4)

0

482.4

588.6

703.8

907.9

670.19 (1.35)

0

536.3

672.9

832.6

1097.7

< 0.001*

Prog/Estriol

2.64 (1.69)

–

1.97

2.66

3.70

5.83

2.15 (1.62)

–

1.58

2.12

2.86

4.48

< 0.001*

CRHd

76.67 (1.70)

0

54.8

80.6

111.8

171.9

78.01 (1.76)

0

55.2

82.8

114.3

178.1

< 0.001*

Testosteronef

50.55 (1.81)

1.8

37.5

51.5

73.5

124.4

60.22 (1.75)

0.9

45.1

60.7

88.1

131.6

< 0.001*

TSHe

1.29 (2.14)

0

0.93

1.38

2.06

3.28

1.45 (1.79)

0

1.08

1.51

2.05

3.64

0.04*

FT4f

1.10 (1.13)

0

1.02

1.10

1.19

1.35

1.06 (1.13)

0

0.98

1.06

1.15

1.29

< 0.001*

T3b

1.94 (1.22)

0

1.71

1.97

2.22

2.59

1.95 (1.21)

0

1.72

1.99

2.24

2.67

0.03*

T4 g

11.90 (1.20)

0

10.7

11.95

13.3

15.7

11.71 (1.20)

0

10.5

11.7

13.2

15.5

0.27

T3/T4

0.16 (1.21)

–

0.14

0.16

0.19

0.23

0.17 (1.22)

–

0.15

0.17

0.19

0.23

< 0.001*

  1. GM Geometric mean, GSD Geometric standard deviation
  2. 2,4-DCP: 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP: 2,5-dichlorophenol; BP-3 Benzophenone, TCS Triclosan, TCC Triclocarban, EPB ethylparaben, MPB Methylparaben, BPB Butylparaben, PPB Propylparaben
  3. Range of gestational weeks: 16–20 weeks: 16–20 weeks gestation, 24–28 weeks: 24–28 weeks gestation
  4. *Significant difference (p < 0.05) in urinary biomarker or hormone compared to reference (16–20 weeks) using linear mixed models with a random intercept
  5. aUnits: μg/L. b Units: ng/mL. c Units: nmol/L. d Units: pg/mL. e Units: uIU/mL. f Units: ng/dL. g Units: μg/dL. I BPS, BPF, TCC and EPB had the lowest sample sizes because they were added to the biomarker assay at mid-study. At 16–20 weeks, these four urinary biomarkers had N = 295. At 24–28 weeks, these four urinary biomarkers had N = 198
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X