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Table 5 Associations between maternal PFAS concentrations (divided by tertiles) and neuropsychological problems of ASQ scales at 4 years of age among boys and girls in Poisson regression with robust variance estimates

From: Prenatal plasma concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and neuropsychological development in children at four years of age

PFAS

Communication ARR (95% CI)

Gross motor ARR (95% CI)

Fine motor ARR (95% CI)

Problem solving ARR (95% CI)

Personal–social skills ARR (95% CI)

Girl (N = 236)

Boy (N = 297)

Girl (N = 236)

Boy (N = 297)

Girl (N = 236)

Boy (N = 297)

Girl (N = 236)

Boy (N = 297)

Girl (N = 236)

Boy (N = 297)

PFHxS

 Low tertile

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref☆

 Middle tertile

0.99 (0.53, 1.83)

0.64 (0.39, 1.05)

1.55 (0.68, 3.55)

0.76 (0.35, 1.67)

1.46 (0.35, 6.10)

0.55 (0.27, 1.13)

0.81 (0.35, 1.89)

0.85 (0.44, 1.64)

1.62 (0.43, 6.08)

0.68 (0.30, 1.55)

 High tertile

1.24 (0.65, 2.36)

0.90 (0.59, 1.36)

1.43 (0.55, 3.68)

0.57 (0.26, 1.24)

0.50 (0.05, 5.00)

0.73 (0.40, 1.36)

1.24 (0.48, 3.21)

0.61 (0.32, 1.18)

2.56 (0.73, 9.03)

1.77 (0.94, 3.34)

PFOS

 Low tertile

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref☆

Ref

 Middle tertile

0.52 (0.26, 1.04)#

1.16 (0.76, 1.77)

0.81 (0.27, 2.43)

0.94 (0.43, 2.07)

0.79 (0.13, 4.91)

1.87 (0.92, 3.80)#

0.55 (0.15, 2.07)

1.21 (0.65, 2.28)

0.32 (0.04, 2.77)

1.47 (0.76, 2.84)

 High tertile

1.10 (0.63, 1.92)

0.89 (0.53, 1.51)

1.61 (0.62, 4.16)

0.91 (0.37, 2.24)

1.98 (0.34, 11.53)

1.19 (0.52, 2.71)

2.00 (0.77, 5.17)

0.66 (0.29, 1.48)

2.97 (0.90, 9.84)#

1.18 (0.57, 2.44)

PFOA

 Low tertile

Ref☆

Ref

Ref

Ref☆

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Middle tertile

0.86 (0.49, 1.50)

1.02 (0.65, 1.6)

1.08 (0.33, 3.57)

0.51 (0.23, 1.11)#

0.50 (0.13, 1.93)

0.88 (0.43, 1.80)

0.93 (0.35, 2.46)

1.09 (0.56, 2.12)

not converge

1.60 (0.80, 3.19)

 High tertile

0.55 (0.28, 1.10)#

0.96 (0.61, 1.52)

1.90 (0.66, 5.44)

0.45 (0.19, 1.04)#

1.32 (0.29, 5.93)

0.91 (0.47, 1.78)

0.90 (0.36, 2.26)

1.10 (0.58, 2.06)

not converge

1.50 (0.77, 2.93)

PFNA

 Low tertile

Ref★

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref★

Ref

 Middle tertile

0.73 (0.41, 1.32)

1.19 (0.76, 1.88)

0.96 (0.29, 3.20)

0.91 (0.39, 2.08)

1.15 (0.25, 5.24)

1.72 (0.82, 3.62)

0.56 (0.20, 1.55)

1.24 (0.64, 2.43)

2.87 (0.37, 22.20)

1.23 (0.62, 2.47)

 High tertile

0.50 (0.26, 0.94)*

1.17 (0.72, 1.91)

1.50 (0.54, 4.21)

1.06 (0.48, 2.35)

0.46 (0.10, 2.11)

1.72 (0.82, 3.59)

0.93 (0.4, 2.17)

1.08 (0.52, 2.25)

5.68 (0.82, 39.34)

1.70 (0.86, 3.36)

PFDA

 Low tertile

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref★

Ref

 Middle tertile

0.61 (0.31, 1.20)

1.01 (0.66, 1.55)

1.16 (0.36, 3.71)

0.87 (0.42, 1.81)

2.04 (0.43, 9.66)

1.65 (0.87, 3.13)

0.50 (0.14, 1.74)

1.27 (0.69, 2.33)

2.16 (0.26, 17.69)

1.14 (0.57, 2.28)

 High tertile

1.02 (0.54, 1.91)

0.88 (0.55, 1.42)

1.83 (0.62, 5.39)

0.53 (0.21, 1.32)

0.40 (0.03, 4.74)

0.80 (0.37, 1.76)

1.71 (0.70, 4.15)

0.65 (0.31, 1.36)

8.68 (1.41, 53.43)*

1.52 (0.74, 3.09)

PFUdA

 Low tertile

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref☆

Ref

 Middle tertile

0.64 (0.32, 1.25)

1.18 (0.78, 1.80)

0.44 (0.12, 1.53)

1.14 (0.54, 2.43)

2.10 (0.43, 10.41)

2.19 (1.16, 4.17)*

0.27 (0.05, 1.33)

1.57 (0.81, 3.03)

0.79 (0.11, 5.56)

1.77 (0.90, 3.47)#

 High tertile

0.93 (0.52, 1.66)

0.83 (0.50, 1.38)

1.29 (0.53, 3.16)

0.77 (0.31, 1.92)

1.35 (0.18, 10.02)

0.64 (0.26, 1.56)

1.35 (0.62, 2.94)

0.88 (0.40, 1.90)

3.72 (0.79, 17.62)#

1.12 (0.48, 2.63)

PFDoA

 Low tertile

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref★

Ref

 Middle tertile

0.78 (0.38, 1.58)

1.29 (0.82, 2.04)

0.81 (0.27, 2.38)

0.88 (0.41, 1.91)

0.48 (0.11, 2.06)

1.34 (0.70, 2.56)

1.25 (0.35, 4.41)

1.06 (0.54, 2.06)

3.99 (0.46, 34.3)

0.91 (0.47, 1.77)

 High tertile

1.33 (0.72, 2.46)

1.14 (0.72, 1.82)

1.27 (0.51, 3.19)

0.93 (0.41, 2.09)

0.40 (0.07, 2.37)

0.84 (0.41, 1.75)

1.78 (0.61, 5.23)

1.13 (0.58, 2.18)

6.89 (0.97, 48.67)#

0.91 (0.46, 1.79)

PFTrDA

 Low tertile

Ref

Ref’

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Middle tertile

1.19 (0.60, 2.36)

1.53 (0.92, 2.55)

0.94 (0.33, 2.66)

2.25 (0.82, 6.14)

0.44 (0.10, 1.98)

1.90 (0.86, 4.20)

1.69 (0.64, 4.47)

1.46 (0.75, 2.84)

0.79 (0.21, 2.96)

1.70 (0.85, 3.4)

 High tertile

1.36 (0.69, 2.69)

1.83 (1.08, 3.12)*

0.85 (0.31, 2.29)

1.68 (0.56, 5.1)

0.28 (0.05, 1.61)

1.81 (0.78, 4.19)

0.88 (0.31, 2.52)

0.71 (0.29, 1.73)

0.84 (0.23, 3.03)

1.29 (0.61, 2.75)

  1. Models were adjusted for maternal age at enrollment (ages), pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), maternal education, paternal education, parity, per capita household income (< 4000, 4000–8000, and > 8000 CNY), maternal passive smoking (yes or no), maternal prenatal depressive symptoms (yes or no), and gestational age (weeks)
  2. ARR Adjusted risk ratio, CI Confidence interval
  3. # Marginally significant differences (0.05 < p < 0.10)
  4. * Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05)
  5. ★p-trend < 0.05
  6. ☆0.05 < p-trend < 0.10
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Environmental Health

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