Table 1 Summary of Demographic Characterization and Health Outcomes among Health and PreDM Subjects
| Â | Healthy | PreDM | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects | 56 | 54 | Â | |
Number of visits | 5.5 | 5.0 | Â | |
Characteristic | Type | |||
 Age | 50–58 years | 36 | 28 | 0.26 |
58–65 years | 20 | 26 | ||
 Sex | Female | 31 | 32 | 0.83 |
Male | 25 | 22 | ||
 BMI | Normal | 36 | 32 | 0.83 |
Overweight | 17 | 18 | ||
Obese | 3 | 4 | ||
 Smoker | No | 53 | 49 | 0.67 |
Yes | 3 | 5 | ||
 Medication | No | 49 | 31 | <  0.01 |
Yes | 7 | 23 | ||
Health Outcomes | Unit | |||
 FENO | ppb | 22.0 (15.3) | 22.6 (16.0) | 0.92 |
 WBC | 109/L | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.3) | 0.02 |
 Neut | 109/L | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.17 |
 Mono | 109/L | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.95 |
 Lymph | 109/L | 1.9 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.6) | <  0.01 |
 CRP | mg/L | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.3) | <  0.01 |
 TNF (Serum) | pg/ml | 5.9 (3.7) | 5.6 (5.9) | 0.08 |
 IL1-α (Serum) | g/ml | 2.3 (3.8) | 1.9 (2.6) | 0.15 |
 IL1-β (Serum) | pg/ml | 6.5 (3.0) | 6.3 (3.9) | 0.60 |
 IL-2 (Serum) | pg/ml | 11.3 (1.8) | 12.2 (9.0) | 0.50 |
 IL-6 (Serum) | pg/ml | 5.3 (3.0) | 10.0 (34.9) | 0.78 |
 IL-8 (Serum) | pg/ml | 15.3 (11.4) | 17.4 (14.2) | <  0.01 |
 Glu | mmol/L | 5.6 (0.5) | 6.5 (1.1) | <  0.01 |
 Ins | uU/mL | 6.3 (3.8) | 8.2 (4.8) | <  0.01 |
 HOMA-IR | mmol*uU | 1.6 (1.0) | 2.4 (2.0) | <  0.01 |
 HbA1c | % | 5.5 (0.3) | 6.0 (0.8) | <  0.01 |
 SBP | mmHg | 111.9 (10.6) | 117.6 (11.2) | <  0.01 |
 DBP | mmHg | 78.9 (7.3) | 81.6 (7.7) | <  0.01 |
 AP75 | % | 7.7 (4.0) | 8.8 (3.5) | <  0.01 |
 RHI | NA | 1.9 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) | 0.78 |