Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the cohort and PM2.5 O3, and NO2 exposure, with Cox proportional hazard ratios
| Â | Â | Â | 95% CI | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Person-yearsa | HR | Lower | Upper | PM2.5 | S.D. | O3 | S.D. | NO2 | S.D. |
All | 4,452,700 | – | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 5.9 |
Sex | ||||||||||
 Male | 1,995,100 | – | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.9 | 7.6 | 8.5 | 5.9 |
 Female | 2,457,600 | – | – | – | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 5.9 |
Age group (years) | ||||||||||
 25 to 29 | 381,100 | – | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.7 | 7.6 | 8.8 | 5.9 |
 30 to 39 | 869,300 | – | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.9 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 5.9 |
 40 to 49 | 887,000 | – | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.8 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 6.0 |
 50 to 59 | 918,100 | – | – | – | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.8 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 5.7 |
 60 to 69 | 753,800 | – | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.2 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 5.8 |
 70 to 79 | 497,100 | – | – | – | 6.1 | 2.1 | 36.4 | 7.4 | 8.9 | 6.1 |
 80 to 89 | 146,200 | – | – | – | 6.2 | 2.1 | 36.3 | 7.6 | 9.6 | 6.3 |
Immigrant status | ||||||||||
 Non-immigrants | 3,945,800 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.7 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 5.6 |
 In Canada for 30+ years | 317,900 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 6.8 | 2.1 | 38.5 | 8.0 | 11.2 | 6.5 |
 In Canada for 20–29 years | 92,300 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 37.4 | 8.0 | 13.2 | 7.0 |
 In Canada for 10–19 years | 96,800 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 7.2 | 1.9 | 37.6 | 7.7 | 14.5 | 7.0 |
Visible minority identity | ||||||||||
 Not a visible minority | 4,119,200 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.1 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 5.7 |
 Visible Minority | 244,900 | 0.89 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 6.6 | 2.1 | 34.9 | 8.9 | 12.8 | 7.2 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 88,600 | 1.48 | 1.37 | 1.59 | 4.9 | 1.6 | 31.7 | 8.3 | 6.5 | 4.3 |
Indigenous identity | ||||||||||
 Non-Indigenous or not stated | 4,295,500 | 1.00 | – | – | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.2 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 5.9 |
 Indigenous | 146,000 | 1.58 | 1.50 | 1.67 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 30.3 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 4.7 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 11,300 | 1.16 | 0.99 | 1.35 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 35.0 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 5.6 |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Married or Common-law | 2,823,000 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.8 | 2.0 | 36.1 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 5.5 |
 Separated, Widowed, or Divorced | 945,100 | 1.42 | 1.39 | 1.45 | 6.1 | 2.1 | 36.1 | 7.5 | 9.1 | 6.2 |
 Single | 681,400 | 1.57 | 1.52 | 1.62 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 35.4 | 7.5 | 9.8 | 6.8 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 3200 | 1.58 | 1.20 | 2.07 | 5.9 | 1.9 | 34.5 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 6.1 |
Educational attainment | ||||||||||
 No high school diploma | 980,900 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.7 | 2.1 | 35.2 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 5.8 |
 High School | 757,200 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.84 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.6 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 5.8 |
 Any post-secondary | 1,926,400 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 5.7 |
 University | 752,100 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 6.2 | 2.0 | 36.4 | 7.4 | 10.1 | 6.5 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 36,000 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 1.06 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.6 | 7.7 | 8.8 | 5.8 |
Employment status | ||||||||||
 Employed | 2,701,800 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 7.6 | 8.7 | 5.8 |
 Unemployed | 115,100 | 1.67 | 1.54 | 1.82 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 34.9 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 6.3 |
 Not in work force | 1,630,100 | 2.02 | 1.96 | 2.08 | 6.0 | 2.1 | 36.0 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 6.0 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 5800 | 1.62 | 1.24 | 2.12 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 34.0 | 7.2 | 8.8 | 5.4 |
Income quintile | ||||||||||
 Q1 (lowest income) | 788,200 | 1.00 | – | – | 6.1 | 2.1 | 35.6 | 7.4 | 9.2 | 6.5 |
 Q2 | 788,700 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.1 | 7.4 | 8.7 | 6.1 |
 Q3 | 808,500 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.3 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 5.8 |
 Q4 | 828,500 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.2 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 5.7 |
 Q5 (highest income) | 909,000 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 35.9 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 5.5 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 329,800 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.5 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 5.8 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||
 Never drinker | 392,400 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.8 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 5.9 |
 Occasional drinker | 840,300 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.7 | 7.6 | 8.3 | 5.8 |
 Regular drinker, binging unknown | 1,332,300 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 6.1 | 2.0 | 36.7 | 7.3 | 9.1 | 6.0 |
 Regular, non-binge drinker | 1,169,600 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.8 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 5.7 |
 Regular, binge drinker | 260,400 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.8 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 5.8 |
 Former drinker | 447,500 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 35.3 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 6.2 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 10,200 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 1.07 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 34.8 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 5.5 |
Smoking behaviours | ||||||||||
 Never smoker | 1,293,700 | 1.00 | – | – | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.4 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 6.1 |
 Occasional smoker | 177,200 | 2.11 | 2.00 | 2.23 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 35.6 | 7.7 | 9.0 | 6.3 |
 Smoke under 10 cigarettes/day | 263,000 | 2.45 | 2.35 | 2.55 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 35.3 | 7.9 | 8.7 | 6.2 |
 Smoke 11–20 cigarettes /day | 398,900 | 2.76 | 2.66 | 2.86 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.6 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 5.8 |
 Smoke 20+ cigarettes /day | 255,300 | 3.69 | 3.55 | 3.82 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 36.0 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 5.9 |
 Former smoker | 2,058,700 | 1.32 | 1.29 | 1.35 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.9 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 5.8 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 6100 | 1.51 | 1.26 | 1.80 | 5.7 | 1.8 | 35.6 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 5.7 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption | ||||||||||
 Under 5 servings/day | 2,411,900 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 5.9 |
 5–10 servings/day | 1,450,300 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.6 | 7.5 | 8.8 | 5.9 |
 10+ servings/day | 132,700 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 6.1 | 2.0 | 36.6 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 6.0 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 457,900 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.23 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 33.6 | 5.8 | 7.9 | 6.1 |
Leisure exercise frequency | ||||||||||
 Active | 1,005,700 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.1 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 5.7 |
 Moderate | 1,123,600 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.1 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 5.8 |
 Inactive | 2,224,700 | 1.70 | 1.65 | 1.74 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 35.9 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 6.0 |
 Missing (dummy variable) | 98,700 | 2.49 | 2.39 | 2.60 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 35.2 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 6.2 |
Body mass index (BMI) | ||||||||||
 Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1,425,400 | 1.00 | – | – | 6.1 | 2.0 | 36.1 | 7.4 | 9.1 | 6.2 |
 Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1,671,700 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 36.0 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 5.8 |
 Obese 1 (30.0–34.9) | 800,500 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.9 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 5.6 |
 Obese 2 (≥ 35) | 355,300 | 1.33 | 1.28 | 1.37 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 35.7 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 5.5 |
 Underweight (< 18.5) | 57,700 | 2.13 | 2.00 | 2.26 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 36.0 | 7.4 | 9.7 | 6.5 |
 Missing | 142,200 | 1.61 | 1.53 | 1.68 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 35.8 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 5.5 |
Residential Instability | ||||||||||
 Q1 (lowest marginalization) | 993,500 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.3 | 1.8 | 36.9 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 4.8 |
 Q2 | 1,231,300 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 5.6 | 1.9 | 36.7 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 4.8 |
 Q3 | 957,500 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 34.6 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 5.5 |
 Q4 | 780,100 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 6.5 | 2.0 | 35.7 | 6.8 | 10.0 | 6.2 |
 Q5 (highest marginalization) | 490,300 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 7.2 | 1.9 | 35.5 | 6.1 | 13.0 | 7.6 |
Dependency | ||||||||||
 Q1 (lowest marginalization) | 701,400 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.7 | 1.9 | 33.4 | 8.7 | 10.0 | 6.2 |
 Q2 | 601,900 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 35.8 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 6.0 |
 Q3 | 602,400 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 6.3 | 2.1 | 37.4 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 6.1 |
 Q4 | 945,800 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 37.6 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 5.8 |
 Q5 (highest marginalization) | 1,601,300 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 35.7 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 5.3 |
Material deprivation | ||||||||||
 Q1 (lowest marginalization) | 713,600 | 1.00 | – | – | 6.0 | 1.8 | 37.7 | 7.4 | 9.8 | 5.2 |
 Q2 | 777,700 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 38.0 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 5.4 |
 Q3 | 897,400 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 37.5 | 7.3 | 8.8 | 5.5 |
 Q4 | 783,800 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 35.7 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 6.3 |
 Q5 (highest marginalization) | 1,280,200 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 1.19 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 32.9 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 6.2 |
Ethnic concentration | ||||||||||
 Q1 (lowest marginalization) | 1,839,100 | 1.00 | – | – | 5.2 | 1.7 | 35.7 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 3.8 |
 Q2 | 1,211,600 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 36.7 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 4.8 |
 Q3 | 749,900 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 35.5 | 7.8 | 10.1 | 5.7 |
 Q4 | 409,500 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 7.0 | 2.1 | 35.7 | 8.2 | 14.2 | 6.9 |
 Q5 (highest marginalization) | 242,600 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 7.7 | 1.7 | 36.4 | 7.5 | 17.7 | 6.2 |
Census Metropolitan Area/Census Agglomeration size | ||||||||||
 Not applicable (non-CMA/CA) | 1,485,900 | 1.00 | – | – | 4.7 | 1.3 | 33.9 | 7.1 | 4.9 | 2.7 |
 10,000–29,999 | 355,900 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 31.6 | 7.9 | 6.0 | 3.1 |
 30,000–99,999 | 570,900 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 5.8 | 1.8 | 36.6 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 3.3 |
 100,000–499,999 | 872,600 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 6.8 | 2.2 | 39.5 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 4.6 |
 500,000-1,499,999 | 506,400 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 6.7 | 1.7 | 36.5 | 6.2 | 13.2 | 6.2 |
  > 1,500,000 | 661,000 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 7.5 | 1.7 | 37.4 | 6.5 | 15.5 | 6.9 |
Urban form | ||||||||||
 Active urban core | 304,800 | 1.00 | – | – | 7.6 | 1.9 | 36.7 | 7.1 | 14.5 | 7.1 |
 Transit-reliant suburb | 179,500 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.04 | 7.8 | 1.7 | 36.7 | 7.1 | 16.1 | 7.4 |
 Car-reliant suburb | 1,242,700 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 7.0 | 1.9 | 38.3 | 7.0 | 12.1 | 6.0 |
 Exurban | 216,400 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 38.7 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 3.6 |
 Non-CMA/CA | 2,509,400 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.96 | 5.1 | 1.6 | 34.4 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 3.2 |
Airshed | ||||||||||
 East Central | 2,041,500 | 1.00 | – | – | 7.0 | 2.1 | 41.3 | 6.0 | 9.9 | 6.6 |
 Northern | 117,800 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.27 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 26.0 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 2.6 |
 Southern Atlantic | 711,700 | 1.11 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 30.7 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 2.6 |
 Prairie | 666,900 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.02 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 34.1 | 5.7 | 9.5 | 4.9 |
 West Central | 397,100 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 31.3 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 4.9 |
 Western | 517,600 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.07 | 5.7 | 1.5 | 30.6 | 5.9 | 9.8 | 5.0 |