|
Variables*
|
LnBLL quartiles†, μg/dL
| |
|---|
|
Q1 (< −0.22)
|
Q2 (−0.22–0.18)
|
Q3 (0.18–0.64)
|
Q4 (≥ 0.64)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
N
|
2584
|
2447
|
1918
|
1354
| |
|
Male, %
|
34.08 (1.29)
|
51.28 (1.57)
|
66.88 (1.65)
|
77.39 (1.83)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Age, years
|
15.63 (0.08)
|
15.52 (0.08)
|
15.30 (0.08)
|
15.18 (0.12)
|
< 0.001
|
|
BMI, kg/m2§
|
23.86 (0.18)
|
23.50 (0.18)
|
22.99 (0.19)
|
22.71 (0.22)
|
< 0.001
|
|
SBP, mm Hg
|
108.98 (0.44)
|
109.62 (0.29)
|
110.06 (0.34)
|
109.92 (0.58)
|
0.062
|
|
DBP, mm Hg
|
61.57 (0.47)
|
61.69 (0.40)
|
60.72 (0.63)
|
59.74 (0.55)
|
0.029
|
|
Race, %
| | | | |
< 0.001
|
|
Non-Hispanic White
|
69.94 (1.79)
|
63.49 (2.13)
|
53.16 (2.3)
|
42.45 (3.48)
| |
|
Non-Hispanic Black
|
10.07 (1.34)
|
13.92 (1.22)
|
19.41 (1.71)
|
23.11 (2.63)
| |
|
Mexican American
|
9.78 (0.99)
|
9.87 (1.04)
|
12.60 (1.54)
|
18.35 (2.31)
| |
|
Other Hispanic
|
5.26 (0.79)
|
6.25 (1.04)
|
6.79 (1.24)
|
8.68 (1.69)
| |
|
Other race
|
4.95 (0.75)
|
6.47 (0.91)
|
8.04 (1.51)
|
7.41 (2.29)
| |
|
Education, %
| | | | |
< 0.001
|
|
< high school
|
82.09 (1.40)
|
81.35 (1.54)
|
85.28 (1.5)
|
87.23 (1.54)
| |
|
High school
|
8.8 (0.88)
|
9.53 (1.15)
|
9.00 (1.33)
|
5.84 (0.90)
| |
|
> high school
|
9.11 (0.99)
|
9.12 (0.92)
|
5.72 (0.85)
|
6.93 (1.13)
| |
|
Physical Activity, %¶
| | | | |
< 0.001
|
|
Sedentary
|
10.6 (1.03)
|
10.87 (1.26)
|
12.31 (2.04)
|
21.03 (3.02)
| |
|
Low
|
25.47 (1.84)
|
23.96 (1.79)
|
21.5 (2.44)
|
19.15 (2.45)
| |
|
Moderate
|
20.73 (1.27)
|
14.67 (1.35)
|
18.85 (2.36)
|
14.38 (2.26)
| |
|
High
|
43.2 (1.87)
|
50.49 (1.67)
|
47.33 (2.64)
|
45.45 (3.42)
| |
|
Dietary
|
|
Calcium, mg
|
1034.90 (20.30)
|
983.62 (18.67)
|
1014.37 (27.42)
|
927.54 (29.86)
|
0.032
|
|
TMFA, gm
|
30.44 (0.46)
|
32.1 (0.49)
|
32.67 (0.57)
|
31.99 (0.83)
|
0.024
|
|
TPFA, gm
|
16.08 (0.29)
|
16.29 (0.33)
|
16.94 (0.34)
|
16.49 (0.46)
|
0.175
|
|
TSFA, gm
|
28.41 (0.45)
|
29.72 (0.46)
|
30.43 (0.6)
|
29.48 (0.86)
|
0.058
|
|
Total fat, gm
|
81.35 (1.22)
|
84.92 (1.23)
|
87.02 (1.52)
|
84.88 (2.19)
|
0.035
|
|
Protein, gm
|
77.83 (1.20)
|
79.85 (1.15)
|
83.67 (1.68)
|
82.47 (2.10)
|
0.009
|
|
Laboratory data
|
|
Blood cadmium, ug/L
|
0.27 (0.01)
|
0.32 (0.01)
|
0.40 (0.02)
|
0.40 (0.02)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Serum cotinine, ng/mL
|
11.42 (1.23)
|
22.91 (2.00)
|
36.13 (3.69)
|
39.03 (5.15)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hemoglobin, g/dL
|
14.07 (0.05)
|
14.36 (0.06)
|
14.54 (0.05)
|
14.58 (0.07)
|
< 0.001
|
|
FBG, mg/dL
|
86.23 (0.49)
|
86.1 (0.29)
|
87.06 (0.43)
|
87.90 (0.41)
|
0.018
|
|
TC, mg/dL
|
163.98 (0.87)
|
161.76 (1.02)
|
160.58 (1.39)
|
159.64 (1.04)
|
0.001
|
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL
|
96.07 (2.41)
|
92.13 (1.55)
|
89.82 (1.88)
|
90.03 (1.68)
|
0.015
|
|
HDL-C, mg/dL
|
51.09 (0.32)
|
50.13 (0.36)
|
49.24 (0.46)
|
48.66 (0.48)
|
< 0.001
|
|
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2
|
139.97 (0.73)
|
145.55 (0.8)
|
148.76 (0.92)
|
147.83 (0.76)
|
< 0.001
|
|
SUA, mg/dL
|
4.85 (0.04)
|
5.16 (0.04)
|
5.26 (0.04)
|
5.41 (0.06)
|
< 0.001
|
|
BUN, mg/dL
|
10.41 (0.13)
|
10.57 (0.13)
|
10.96 (0.13)
|
10.86 (0.18)
|
0.006
|
|
CRP, mg/dL
|
0.20 (0.01)
|
0.18 (0.01)
|
0.15 (0.01)
|
0.15 (0.02)
|
0.001
|
- Abbreviations: BLL blood lead levels; BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TMFA total monounsaturated fatty acids, TPFA total polyunsaturated fatty acids, TSFA total saturated fatty acids, FBG fasting blood glucose, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SUA serum uric acid, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CRP C-reactive protein
- *Data are presented as weighted means, proportions and Se
- ¶The Physical Activity categories were based on the distribution of MET-minute levels for the present NHANES sample
- §BMI was calculated as the body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
- † Convert to BLL quartiles range: < 0.8 μg/dL, 0.8–1.2 μg/dL, 1.2–1.9 μg/dL, ≥ 1.9 μg/dL
