Determinants of arsenic methylation efficiency and urinary arsenic level in pregnant women in Bangladesh

Table 4 Determinants of the proportion of arsenic metabolites in urine during early gestation (visit 1)

	All mothers (N = 1595)						Restricted sample (adjusted U-As > 50 μg/g-creatinine; N = 1066)^a
	iAs%		MMA%		DMA%		iAs%		MMA%		DMA%
	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value
Intercept	12.98	< 0.01	9.09	< 0.01	77.92	< 0.01	12.01	< 0.01	6.42	< 0.01	81.57	< 0.01
Gestational age at measurement (week)	−0.13	0.21	−0.26	< 0.01	0.39	< 0.01	−0.17	0.03	−0.21	< 0.01	0.38	< 0.01
Maternal age (year)	−0.17	0.03	−0.02	0.59	0.19	0.03	−0.15	0.02	0	0.95	0.15	0.04
BMI at enrollment (kg/m²)	0.01	0.96	−0.1	0.02	0.09	0.41	−0.02	0.85	−0.06	0.11	0.07	0.43
Education level (≥secondary education)	−0.83	0.20	0.20	0.45	0.63	0.37	−1.16	0.03	0.36	0.12	0.80	0.17
Income of financial provider (≥3000 taka)	−0.68	0.30	0.52	0.05	0.16	0.82	−0.68	0.20	0.07	0.76	0.61	0.31
Adjusted U-As (μg/g-creatinine)	0.01	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.01	−0.01	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.01	0	< 0.01	−0.01	< 0.01
Daily protein intake (g)	0.02	0.01	0	0.67	−0.02	0.01	0.02	< 0.01	0	0.47	−0.02	< 0.01
Daily energy intake (kcal), medium tertile	0.14	0.86	−0.26	0.43	0.12	0.89	−0.45	0.49	0	0.99	0.45	0.54
Daily energy intake (kcal), high tertile	−2.30	0.02	−0.39	0.32	2.69	0.01	−2.53	< 0.01	−0.18	0.59	2.71	< 0.01
Daily folate intake (μg)	0	0.75	0	0.07	0	0.71	0	0.56	0	0.06	−0.01	0.21

^a Linear models applied to all mothers, as well as to a restricted sample of participants with adjusted U-As > 50 μg/g creatinine. We selected this cut-off point because it is around the 25th percentile of the distribution of adjusted U-As at both visits. We did not include outliers of adjusted U-As in the analysis, which was > 3000 μg/g-creatinine because of very low creatinine level (< 10 mg/dL) (N = 11)

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