| First Stage | Second Stage |
---|
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Mortality Rate |
---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|
Shut Down Indicator | −2.11*** (− 2.78 - -1.44) | −2.13*** (− 2.82 - -1.44) | −2.13*** (− 2.84 - -1.42) | | | |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | | | | 6.62*** (3.05–10.19) | 6.45*** (2.93–9.96) | 7.17*** (3.50–10.85) |
Weather Controls | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y |
Socioeconomic Controls | N | N | Y | N | N | Y |
County Fixed Effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Month Fixed Effects | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
F-Statistics | 36.43 | 41.99 | 36.93 | – | – | – |
Observations | 8274 | 8274 | 8274 | 8274 | 8274 | 8274 |
- Notes: This table reports the instrumental variable regression coefficients and standard errors. Retirement of coal-fired power plants is used as the instrumental variables for monthly PM2.5 concentrations. The dependent variable is the monthly standardized mortality rate per 100, 000 people. Columns 1–3 report the first stage regression results, and columns 4–6 report the second stage results. Weather controls include temperature, dew point, and barometric pressure. Socioeconomic controls include median household income and poverty rate. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01