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Table 3 Deaths and age-standardized death rate for occupational risk factors, 1990, and 2017 in China, with mean percentage change for 1990–2017

From: The disease burden attributable to 18 occupational risks in China: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

Occupational risks

Deaths

Age-standardized death rate (per 100,000)

1990

2017

Percentage change (%)

1990

2017

Percentage change (%)

Asthmagens

3039 (1765–4108)

792 (631–992)

−73.9(−82.0--49.8)

0.30 (0.17–0.42)

0.04 (0.03–0.05)

−87.1(−91.3--74.6)

Carcinogens

26,546 (20385–33,149)

68,396 (53282–85,467)

157.7 (121.5–200.4)

3.00 (2.33–3.70)

3.50 (2.75–4.35)

16.8(− 0.1–36.8)

 Arsenic

1324 (514–2188)

3725 (1402–6118)

181.4 (149.0–218.6)

0.14 (0.05–0.23)

0.18 (0.07–0.29)

29.9 (15.1–47.1)

 Asbestos

5796 (3962–8718)

24,264 (16700–32,287)

318.7 (185.4–451.4)

0.78 (0.54–1.17)

1.36 (0.94–1.81)

73.6 (20.0–126.9)

 Benzene

380 (107–643)

372 (108–625)

− 2.22(− 15.9–23.3)

0.03 (0.01–0.05)

0.02 (0.01–0.03)

−32.0(− 42.0--15.0)

 Beryllium

57 (47–68)

149 (122–179)

161.4 (132.5–188.4)

0.01 (0.00–0.01)

0.01 (0.01–0.01)

20.7 (8.2–33.0)

 Cadmium

129 (109–150)

364 (302–434)

182.1 (148.9–219.8)

0.01 (0.01–0.02)

0.02 (0.01–0.02)

30.2 (15.2–47.3)

 Chromium

244 (216–277)

727 (625–830)

197.5 (163.3–235.1)

0.03 (0.02–0.03)

0.03 (0.03–0.04)

37.3 (21.8–54.1)

 DEE

2762 (2418–3125)

8083 (6960–9319)

192.7 (155.7–224.9)

0.28 (0.25–0.32)

0.38 (0.33–0.44)

35.1 (18.6–49.7)

 Formaldehyde

408 (317–505)

391 (306–494)

− 4.2(− 20.7–14.5)

0.03 (0.03–0.04)

0.02 (0.02–0.03)

− 41.1(− 49.9--31.6)

 Nickel

1488 (292–3334)

3803 (762–8450)

155.5 (126.1–188.6)

0.15 (0.03–0.34)

0.18 (0.04–0.40)

18.0 (4.4–33.1)

 PAHs

852 (722–980)

2500 (2092–2937)

193.5 (157.4–231.2)

0.09 (0.07–0.10)

0.12 (0.10–0.14)

35.5 (19.4–52.8)

 Silica

13,260 (8742–18,469)

25,073 (14869–35,605)

89.1 (51.3–123.9)

1.46 (0.97–2.02)

1.23 (0.74–1.73)

− 15.7(− 34.0–1.0)

 Sulfuric acid

419 (173–778)

719 (301–1348)

71.8 (56.5–91.2)

0.04 (0.02–0.08)

0.03 (0.01–0.06)

− 21.3(− 28.4--12.4)

 Trichloroethylene

4 (1–7)

14 (3–26)

285.4 (172.9–364.0)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

81.1 (27.8–118.2)

Injuries

142,834 (120521–167,777)

67,461 (57132–79,340)

−52.8(−61.9--41.0)

11.95 (10.10–14.02)

3.84 (3.25–4.52)

− 67.9(− 74.0--59.8)

PGFs

240,075 (197593–281,136)

187,184 (148439–228,139)

−22.0(− 31.5--5.1)

37.20 (29.5–44.73)

11.36 (8.82–14.03)

− 69.5(− 72.5--63.2)

All occupational risks

412,493 (362216–461,292)

323,833 (283780–369,061)

− 21.5(− 29.5--10.8)

52.45 (44.51–60.48)

18.74 (16.17–21.56)

− 64.3(− 67.5--59.3)

  1. UIs Uncertainty intervals, PGFs Particulate matter, gases, and fumes, DEE Diesel engine exhaust, PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons