Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics among 217 women in the EARTH Study by BP-3 quartiles (Q4 versus Q1)

From: Perinatal urinary benzophenone-3 concentrations and glucose levels among women from a fertility clinic

Characteristic

Total n = 217

Preconception n = 178a

First Trimester n = 194b

Second Trimester n = 170c

BP-3 Q1

BP-3 Q4

p-valued

BP-3 Q1

BP-3 Q4

p-valued

BP-3 Q1

BP-3 Q4

p-valued

N of participants

217

44

44

 

48

48

 

42

42

 

Age at pregnancy (years)

   

0.38

  

0.29

  

0.14

 Mean ± SD

34.8 ± 3.8

34.9 ± 4.1

34.2 ± 3.5

 

35.1 ± 4.2

34.2 ± 3.7

 

35.1 ± 4.2

33.8 ± 3.3

 

 Range

23–47

25–42

27–41

 

23–47

27–43

 

23–47

27–41

 

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

   

0.50

  

1.00

  

0.66

 BMI < 25

144 (66.4)

27 (61.4)

31 (70.5)

 

31 (64.6)

32 (66.7)

 

26 (61.9)

23 (54.8)

 

 BMI ≥ 25

73 (33.6)

17 (38.6)

13 (29.6)

 

17 (35.4)

16 (33.3)

 

16 (38.1)

19 (45.2)

 

Family history of DM

28 (12.9)

6 (13.6)

5 (11.4)

1.00

6 (12.5)

4 (8.3)

0.74

4 (9.5)

6 (14.3)

0.74

Smoking status

   

0.57

  

0.84

  

0.09

 Never smoked

165 (76.0)

38 (86.4)

35 (79.6)

 

38 (79.2)

39 (81.3)

 

32 (76.2)

32 (76.2)

 

 Former smoker

45 (20.7)

6 (13.6)

9 (20.5)

 

9 (18.8)

7 (14.6)

 

10 (23.8)

6 (14.3)

 

 Current smoker

7 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

1 (2.1)

2 (4.2)

 

0 (0.0)

4 (9.5)

 

Total physical activity (hours/week)

7.9 ± 10.0

6.4 ± 7.9

7.5 ± 5.8

0.11

7.7 ± 7.9

6.5 ± 5.2

0.74

9.0 ± 12.6

7.9 ± 6.9

0.45

Race

   

0.72

  

0.47

  

1.00

 Non-Hispanic White

178 (82.0)

34 (77.3)

38 (86.4)

 

39 (81.3)

37 (77.1)

 

34 (81.0)

33 (78.6)

 

 Black/African American

6 (2.8)

3 (6.8)

1 (2.3)

 

0 (0.0)

3 (6.3)

 

2 (4.8)

1 (2.4)

 

 Asian

20 (9.2)

4 (9.1)

3 (6.8)

 

5 (10.4)

4 (8.3)

 

3 (7.1)

4 (9.5)

 

 Other

13 (6.0)

3 (6.8)

2 (4.6)

 

4 (8.3)

4 (8.3)

 

3 (7.1)

4 (9.5)

 

Education level

   

0.12

  

0.91

  

1.00

 High school graduate or less

2 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

1 (2.1)

1 (2.1)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (2.4)

 

 Some college

9 (4.2)

3 (6.8)

0 (0.0)

 

2 (4.2)

1 (2.1)

 

2 (4.8)

1 (2.4)

 

 College graduate or higher

186 (85.7)

34 (77.3)

40 (90.9)

 

40 (83.3)

39 (81.3)

 

35 (83.3)

35 (83.3)

 

 Missing

20 (9.2)

7 (15.9)

4 (9.1)

 

5 (10.4)

7 (14.6)

 

5 (11.9)

5 (11.9)

 

Infertility diagnosis

   

0.73

  

0.04

  

0.24

 Male-factor

56 (25.8)

14 (31.8)

11 (25.0)

 

16 (33.3)

6 (12.5)

 

17 (63.0)

10 (37.0)

 

 Female-factor

66 (30.4)

11 (25.0)

11 (25.0)

 

12 (25.0)

20 (41.7)

 

9 (21.4)

13 (31.0)

 

 Unexplained

95 (43.8)

19 (43.2)

22 (50.0)

 

20 (41.7)

22 (45.8)

 

16 (38.1)

19 (45.2)

 

Fetus number of the pregnancy

   

0.78

  

0.77

  

0.80

 1

173 (79.7)

35 (79.6)

36 (81.8)

 

40 (83.3)

42 (87.5)

 

31 (73.8)

33 (78.6)

 

 2

42 (19.4)

9 (20.5)

7 (15.9)

 

8 (16.7)

6 (12.5)

 

11 (26.2)

9 (21.4)

 

 ≥ 3

2 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.3)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Infertility treatment

   

0.58

  

0.58

  

0.64

 IVF

130 (59.9)

22 (50.0)

26 (59.1)

 

27 (56.3)

26 (54.2)

 

25 (53.2)

22 (46.8)

 

 IUI

41 (18.9)

12 (27.3)

8 (18.2)

 

11 (22.9)

8 (16.7)

 

8 (19.1)

12 (28.6)

 

 Natural conception

46 (21.2)

10 (22.7)

10 (22.7)

 

10 (20.8)

14 (29.2)

 

9 (21.4)

8 (19.1)

 

Physician-diagnosed PCOS

13 (6.0)

5 (11.4)

2 (4.6)

0.43

2 (4.2)

6 (12.5)

0.27

1 (2.4)

4 (9.5)

0.36

Sex of fetus (es)

   

0.39

  

0.31

  

1.00

 Male

102 (47.0)

21 (47.7)

16 (36.4)

 

21 (43.8)

26 (54.2)

 

20 (47.6)

20 (47,6)

 

 Female

112 (51.6)

23 (52.3)

27 (61.4)

 

27 (56.3)

21 (43.8)

 

22 (52.4)

21 (50.0)

 

 Missing

3 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.3)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (2.1)

 

0 (0.0)

1 (2.4)

 

Season of urine collection

/

  

0.82

  

0.30

  

0.07

 Winter

7 (15.9)

5 (11.4)

 

12 (25.0)

8 (16.7)

 

16 (38.1)

6 (14.3)

 

 Spring

13 (29.6)

11 (25.0)

 

17 (35.4)

13 (27.1)

 

8 (19.1)

10 (23.8)

 

 Summer

9 (20.5)

12 (27.3)

 

7 (14.6)

14 (29.2)

 

10 (23.8)

18 (42.9)

 

 Fall

15 (34.1)

16 (36.4)

 

12 (25.0)

13 (27.1)

 

8 (19.1)

8 (19.1)

 

Time differences between BP-3 and glucose measurements (days)

/

200.0 ± 29.5

204.5 ± 35.0

0.63

128.9 ± 14.7

138.0 ± 16.2

0.003

39.2 ± 19.8

47.6 ± 19.2

0.04

  1. Data presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables, or n (%) for categorical variables
  2. Abbreviations: BP-3 benzophenone-3, DM diabetes mellitus, EARTH, Environmental and Reproductive Health, PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome, Q1 quartile 1, Q4 quartile 4, IVF in vitro fertilization, IUI intra uterine insemination
  3. a 178 women provided urine samples collected during preconception (defined as within 3 months prior to conception)
  4. b 194 women provided urine samples collected during first trimester
  5. c 170 women provided urine samples collected during second trimester
  6. d P-values obtained by using Kruskal–Wallis test or Fisher’s exact test, for continuous or categorical variables respectively
Back to article page

Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X