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Table 2 Univariate and Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis of Potential Risk Factors for Holoprosencephaly

From: Prenatal exposure to pesticides and risk for holoprosencephaly: a case-control study

Variable

OR (95%CI)

aOR (95%CI)a

Maternal age

ā€ƒ<ā€‰35ā€‰years

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒā‰„ā€‰35

1.11 (0.49, 2.60)

0.76 (0.22, 2.49)

Alcohol consumptionb

ā€ƒNo

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒYes

0.47 (0.19, 1.08)

0.35 (0.11, 1.05)

Ā  Ā  Ā Before 3ā€‰months

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.45 (0.19, 1.02)

0.36 (0.12, 1.06)

Ā  Ā  Ā 1st Trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.59 (0.18, 1.87)

1.05 (0.23, 4.53)

Ā  Ā  Ā 2nd Trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.34 (0.03, 2.48)

0.52 (0.02, 6.65)

Ā  Ā  Ā 3rd Trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.32 (0.07, 1.29)

0.35 (0.04, 1.83)

Smoking

ā€ƒNo

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒYes

2.01 (0.55, 9.18)

1.07 (0.17, 6.64)

Ā  Ā  Ā Before 3ā€‰months

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

2.01 (0.55, 9.18)

1.07 (0.17, 6.64)

Ā  Ā  Ā 1st Trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

2.13 (0.36, 22.35)

1.17 (0.14, 10.63)

Ā  Ā  Ā 2nd Trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

NC

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.34 (0.006, 6.61)

NC

Ā  Ā  Ā 3rd Trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

NC

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.34 (0.006, 6.61)

NC

Folic acid supplement intakec

ā€ƒNo

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒYes

0.17 (0.008, 1.20)

0.19 (0.01, 1.42)

Ā  Ā  Ā Before 3ā€‰months

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.44 (0.19, 1.02)

0.46 (0.18, 1.13)d

Ā  Ā  Ā 1st month

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.20 (0.06, 0.59)

0.27 (0.08, 0.86)d

Ā  Ā  Ā 2nd month

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.32 (0.06, 1.32)

0.60 (0.10, 3.28)

Ā  Ā  Ā 3rd month

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.36 (0.09, 1.32)

0.98 (0.19, 5.89)

Ā  Ā  Ā 2nd trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.39 (0.11, 1.30)

0.85 (0.20, 3.94)

Ā  Ā  Ā 3rd trimester

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā No

Ref

Ref

ā€ƒĀ  Ā  Ā Yes

0.58 (0.18, 1.78)

0.92 (0.26, 3.53)

Time since delivery to survey (median years)

1.06 (1.00, 1.14)

NC

  1. Note: OR Crude odds ratio, aOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence Interval, NC Not calculated. Adjusted odds ratios for some variables (except for time since delivery to survey) were not calculated because of low rates of exposure to the potential risk factors and/or low ascertainment that did not permit estimations of the risk parameters
  2. a Models adjusted for maternal consumption of vitamin or supplement containing folic acid(at least 400 mcg during the 3ā€‰months before pregnancy and/or first month of pregnancy), and time since birth to completion of survey (continuous in years)
  3. bOne drinkā€‰=ā€‰1 12ā€‰oz. beer, 1 glass 4ā€‰oz. wine, or 1ā€‰oz. or 1 shot liquor (alone or in a mixed drink)
  4. cVitamin or supplement containing at least 400ā€‰mg folic acid or prenatal vitamin; intake during the three months before pregnancy and/or during pregnancy
  5. dOdds ratios are from logistic regression models adjusted for time since birth to survey completion
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X