Application of the Food Quality Protection Act children’s health safety factor in the U.S. EPA pesticide risk assessments

Naidenko, Olga V.

doi:10.1186/s12940-020-0571-6

Environmental Health

Table 2 Pesticides detected on fruits and vegetables

From: Application of the Food Quality Protection Act children’s health safety factor in the U.S. EPA pesticide risk assessments

Pesticide name and type, in alphabetical order	Foods where over 30% of the samples tested between 2016 and 2018 carried detectable pesticide residues [25]	EPA document year	The FQPA factor for acute dietary exposure	FQPA factor for chronic dietary exposures	Reference
Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide)	Apples, applesauce, cherries, frozen cherries, strawberries, frozen strawberries	2017	1X	1X	[26]
Ametoctradin (fungicide)	Spinach	2017	not assigned^a	not assigned^a	[27]
Azoxystrobin (fungicide)	Green onions, kale, raisins	2018	3X	1X	[28]
Bifenthrin (pyrethroid insecticide)	Kale (29.7% of samples tested in 2017), raisins, frozen strawberries	2019	1X	N/A	[29]
Boscalid (fungicide)	Frozen cherries, grapes, raisins, strawberries, frozen strawberries	2018	N/A	1X	[30]
Captan (fungicide, detected by the presence of its metabolite tetrahydrophthalimide)	Applesauce, strawberries, frozen strawberries	2018	1X^b	1X	[31]
Chlorantraniliprole (insecticide)	Cilantro, spinach	2019	N/A	1X	[32]
Chlorpropham (herbicide and plant growth regulator / potato sprout suppressant)	Potatoes	2017	N/A	10X	[33]
Clothianidin (neonicotinoid insecticide)	Spinach	2017	1X	1X	[34]
Cypermethrin (pyrethroid insecticide)	Frozen spinach	2019	1X	N/A	[29]
Cyprodinil (fungicide)	Grapes, strawberries	2016	1X	1X	[35]
DCPA (herbicide, also called dacthal and chlorthal-dimethyl)	Cilantro, kale	2011	N/A	1X	[36]
Dimethomorph (fungicide)	Spinach	2015	10X	1X	[37]
Diphenylamine (plant growth regulator)	Apples, applesauce	2018	N/A	1X	[38]
Fenbuconazole (fungicide)	Frozen cherries	2019	1X^b	1X	[39]
Fenhexamid (fungicide)	Cherries, grapes	2018	N/A	1X	[40]
Fenpropathrin (pyrethroid insecticide)	Canned olives	2019	1X	N/A	[29]
Flonicamid (insecticide)	Spinach, frozen strawberries	2019	N/A	1X	[41]
Fludioxonil (fungicide)	Apples, cherries, pears, strawberries	2017	N/A	1X	[42]
Fluopicolide (fungicide)	Kale, spinach	2017	N/A	1X	[43]
Fluxapyroxad (fungicide)	Strawberries	2016	1X	1X	[44]
Imazalil (fungicide)	Grapefruit, oranges	2018	1X^b	1X	[45]
Imidacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide)	Cilantro, lettuce, canned tomatoes (29.9% of samples tested in 2017), potatoes, raisins, spinach	2017	1X	1X	[46]
Iprodione (fungicide)	Cherries	2012	10X^c	10X	[47]
Mandipropamid (fungicide)	Spinach, frozen spinach	2018	N/A	1X	[48]
Metalaxyl/Mefenoxam (fungicide)	Cucumbers (29.8% of samples tested in 2016)	2016	1X	N/A	[49]
Permethrin, cis and trans (pyrethroid insecticide)	Spinach	2019	1X	N/A	[29]
Propamocarb (fungicide)	Cucumbers	2019	1X	1X	[50]
Pyraclostrobin (fungicide)	Frozen cherries, grapes, raisins, strawberries	2018	1X	1X	[51]
Pyrimethanil (fungicide)	Apples, pears	2015	1X	1X	[52]
Spinetoram (insecticide)	Spinach	2018	N/A	1X	[53]
Tebuconazole (fungicide)	Cherries, frozen cherries, grapes, raisins	2018	3X	3X	[54]
Thiabendazole (fungicide)	Apples, applesauce, grapefruit, mangos, oranges, pears	2019	1X	1X	[55]
Thiophanate-methyl (fungicide, detected by the presence of its metabolite carbendazim)	Applesauce, frozen strawberries	2014	1X^b	3X	[56]
Trifloxystrobin (fungicide)	Frozen cherries, raisins	2018	1X^b	1X	[57]

N/A not available, indicating that an FQPA factor was not assigned for this exposure scenario
^aAccording to the EPA, “based on a review of the available ametoctradin toxicological studies, no toxicological points of departure where selected for ametoctradin and thus, an additional Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) safety factor to protect children is not needed. As a result, no dietary, residential, occupational, or aggregate exposure assessments are required at this time” [27]
^bThe EPA did not assign an FQPA factor for the acute dietary exposure scenario for the general population, including infants and children; for acute dietary exposure assessment for females 13–49 years of age, the EPA assigned a 1X FQPA factor
^cFor iprodione, the EPA did not assign an FQPA factor for the acute dietary exposure scenario for the general population including infants and children; for acute dietary exposure assessment for females 13–49 years of age, the EPA assigned a 10X FQPA factor

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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