Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to cooking fuel used at the baseline
Characteristics | N | Cooking fuel | χ2 | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clean fuel | Never cooked in the home | Biomass fuel | others | ||||
Total | 4145 | 2228 (53.75) | 59 (1.42) | 1676 (40.43) | 182 (4.39) | ||
Demographic characteristics | |||||||
Age (years) | 56.798a | < 0.0001 | |||||
65–84 | 2460 | 1308 (53.17) | 10 (0.41) | 1042 (42.36) | 100 (4.07) | ||
85–104 | 1606 | 873 (54.36) | 45 (2.80) | 611 (38.04) | 77 (4.79) | ||
≥ 105 | 79 | 47 (59.49) | 4 (5.06) | 23 (29.11) | 5 (6.33) | ||
Sex | 10.97 | 0.012 | |||||
Male | 2123 | 1128 (53.13) | 30 (1.41) | 891 (41.97) | 74 (3.49) | ||
Female | 2022 | 1100 (54.40) | 29 (1.43) | 785 (38.82) | 108 (5.34) | ||
Education | 69.409 | < 0.0001 | |||||
No school | 2103 | 998 (47.46) | 39 (1.85) | 960 (45.65) | 106 (5.04) | ||
1 year or more | 2040 | 1228 (60.20) | 20 (0.98) | 716 (35.10) | 76 (3.73) | ||
Residence | 325.472 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Urban | 1815 | 1249 (68.82) | 26 (1.43) | 455 (25.07) | 85 (4.68) | ||
Rural | 2330 | 979 (42.02) | 33 (1.42) | 1221 (52.40) | 97 (4.16) | ||
Household income CNY | 486.859a | < 0.0001 | |||||
< 10,000 | 1565 | 544 (34.76) | 42 (2.68) | 910 (58.15) | 69 (4.41) | ||
10,001–30,000 | 1032 | 568 (55.04) | 3 (0.29) | 414 (40.12) | 47 (4.55) | ||
> 30,000 | 1548 | 1116 (72.09) | 14 (0.90) | 352 (22.74) | 66 (4.26) | ||
Marital status | 83.076a | < 0.0001 | |||||
Unmarried | 34 | 13 (38.24) | 0 (0.00) | 19 (55.88) | 2 (5.88) | ||
Married | 1952 | 1020 (52.25) | 1 (0.05) | 856 (43.85) | 75 (3.84) | ||
Divorced or widowed | 2107 | 1168 (55.43) | 57 (2.71) | 781 (37.07) | 101 (4.79) | ||
Lifestyle habits | |||||||
Smoking status | 3.412 | 0.332 | |||||
Non-smoker | 2781 | 1502 (54.01) | 35 (1.26) | 1114 (40.06) | 130 (4.67) | ||
Smoker | 1348 | 717 (53.19) | 23 (1.71) | 557 (41.32) | 51 (3.78) | ||
Drinking status | 4.065 | 0.255 | |||||
Non-drinker | 2974 | 1589 (53.43) | 48 (1.61) | 1199 (40.32) | 138 (4.64) | ||
Drinker | 1138 | 623 (54.75) | 11 (0.97) | 461 (40.51) | 43 (3.78) | ||
Regular exercise | 253.79 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 1383 | 975 (70.50) | 8 (0.58) | 328 (23.72) | 72 (5.21) | ||
No | 2668 | 1204 (45.13) | 50 (1.87) | 1309 (49.06) | 105 (3.94) | ||
Ventilation of the kitchen when cooking at home | 536.392a | < 0.0001 | |||||
No ventilation | 273 | 83 (30.40) | 3 (1.10) | 172 (63.00) | 15 (5.49) | ||
Kitchen ventilation or fan | 1061 | 845 (79.64) | 9 (0.85) | 182 (17.15) | 25 (2.36) | ||
By opening window | 1554 | 609 (39.19) | 13 (0.84) | 854 (54.95) | 78 (5.02) | ||
Unknown | 1257 | 691 (54.97) | 34 (2.70) | 468 (37.23) | 64 (5.09) | ||
Fresh fruit | 49.406 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Almost or quite often | 1779 | 1060 (59.58) | 30 (1.69) | 626 (35.19) | 63 (3.54) | ||
Occasionally | 1413 | 711 (50.32) | 13 (0.92) | 620 (43.88) | 69 (4.88) | ||
Rarely or never | 943 | 455 (48.25) | 15 (1.59) | 424 (44.96) | 49 (5.20) | ||
Vegetables | 66.510a | 0.001 | |||||
Almost or quite often | 3758 | 2052 (54.60) | 52 (1.38) | 1497 (39.84) | 157 (4.18) | ||
Occasionally | 289 | 126 (43.60) | 3 (1.04) | 144 (49.83) | 16 (5.54) | ||
Rarely or never | 90 | 48 (53.33) | 3 (3.33) | 31 (34.44) | 8 (8.89) | ||
Health status | |||||||
Limited in activities because of health problems during the last six months | 21.041 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 3099 | 1637 (52.82) | 33 (1.06) | 1300 (41.95) | 129 (4.16) | ||
No | 1041 | 586 (56.29) | 26 (2.50) | 376 (36.12) | 53 (5.09) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 74.429a | < 0.0001 | |||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 636 | 310 (48.74) | 14 (2.20) | 276 (43.40) | 36 (5.66) | ||
Normal (18.5–23.9) | 2242 | 1178 (52.54) | 20 (0.89) | 946 (42.19) | 98 (4.37) | ||
Overweight (24–27.9) | 840 | 493 (58.69) | 11 (1.31) | 308 (36.67) | 28 (3.33) | ||
Obese (≥28) | 263 | 165 (62.74) | 4 (1.52) | 75 (28.52) | 19 (7.22) | ||
Unknown | 164 | 82 (50.00) | 10 (6.10) | 71 (43.29) | 1 (0.61) | ||
Hypertension | 37.117 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 1413 | 838 (59.31) | 17 (1.20) | 486 (34.39) | 72 (5.10) | ||
No | 2532 | 1283 (50.67) | 37 (1.46) | 1109 (43.80) | 103 (4.07) | ||
Unknown | 200 | 107 (53.50) | 5 (2.50) | 81 (40.50) | 7 (3.50) | ||
Diabetes | 26.406a | < 0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 243 | 163 (67.08) | 1 (0.41) | 65 (26.75) | 14 (5.76) | ||
No | 3661 | 1939 (52.96) | 55 (1.50) | 1514 (41.35) | 153 (4.18) | ||
Unknown | 241 | 126 (52.28) | 3 (1.24) | 97 (40.25) | 15 (6.22) | ||
Heart diseases | 38.774a | < 0.0001 | |||||
Yes | 524 | 336 (64.12) | 6 (1.15) | 152 (29.01) | 30 (5.73) | ||
No | 3390 | 1772 (52.27) | 49 (1.45) | 1432 (42.24) | 137 (4.04) | ||
Unknown | 231 | 120 (51.95) | 4 (1.73) | 92 (39.83) | 15 (6.49) | ||
Stroke | 24.390a | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 313 | 195 (62.30) | 2 (0.64) | 92 (29.39) | 24 (7.67) | ||
No | 3604 | 1912 (53.05) | 54 (1.50) | 1491 (41.37) | 147 (4.08) | ||
Unknown | 228 | 121 (53.07) | 3 (1.32) | 93 (40.79) | 11 (4.82) | ||