Table 1 Patient demographics, healthcare utilization, and environmental exposures for migraine cases and controls from Sutter Health in Northern California, 2014–2018
|  | Migraine cases N = 89,575 | Controlsa N = 270,564 |
|---|---|---|
Patient Demographics | ||
 Age Category, N (%) | ||
  18–29 years | 16,952 (18.9) | 51,112 (18.9) |
  30–44 years | 33,036 (36.9) | 99,792 (36.9) |
  45–54 years | 19,226 (21.5) | 58,169 (21.5) |
  55–64 years | 12,578 (14.0) | 38,093 (14.1) |
   ≥ 65 years | 7783 (8.7) | 23,399 (8.7) |
 Sex, N (%) | ||
  Female | 73,908 (82.5) | 223,230 (82.5) |
  Male | 15,667 (17.5) | 47,334 (17.5) |
 Race/Ethnicity, N (%) | ||
  Non-Hispanic | ||
   Asian | 9278 (10.4) | 52,794 (19.9) |
   Black | 3685 (4.1) | 10,253 (3.8) |
   White | 52,579 (58.7) | 130,418 (48.2) |
   Other | 11,351 (12.7) | 41,907 (15.5) |
  Hispanic | 12,682 (14.2) | 34,192 (12.6) |
 Marital Status, N (%) | ||
  Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 7444 (8.3) | 18,881 (7.0) |
  Married/Significant Other | 51,390 (57.4) | 155,644 (57.5) |
  Single | 22,659 (25.3) | 63,801 (23.6) |
  Other/Unknown | 8082 (9.0) | 32,238 (11.9) |
 Body Mass Index Category (kg/m3), N (%) | ||
  Underweight (< 18.5) | 1672 (1.9) | 5636 (2.0) |
  Normal (18.5–24.9) | 33,801 (37.7) | 112,014 (41.4) |
  Overweight (25–29.9) | 26,969 (30.1) | 79,209 (29.3) |
  Obese Class 1 (30–34.9) | 14,595 (16.3) | 39,405 (14.6) |
  Obese Class 2 (35–39.9) | 6835 (7.6) | 17,388 (6.4) |
  Obese Class 3 (40+) | 4614 (5.2) | 11,658 (4.3) |
  Missing | 1089 (1.2) | 5254 (1.9) |
 Block Group-Level Variables, Median (IQR) | ||
  Percent Poverty | 7.2 (3.5, 14.3) | 6.6 (3.2, 13.1) |
  Population Density (individuals per km2) | 2211 (901, 3593) | 2292 (954, 3592) |
 Medicaid Beneficiary, N (%) | ||
  Yes | 6929 (7.7) | 15,105 (5.6) |
  No | 82,646 (92.3) | 255,459 (94.4) |
Healthcare Utilization | ||
 Encounters per person-year | ||
  Primary care, Median (IQR) | 2.4 (1.4, 4.0) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) |
  Neurology, Mean (SD) | 1.2 (3.4) | 0.2 (1.0) |
  Urgent Care (Migraine-Specific), Mean (SD) | 0.2 (2.7) | – |
  Emergency (Migraine-Specific), N (%) | 0.1 (0.7) | – |
    ≥ 1 visit during the study period | 3987 (4.5) | – |
    < 1 visit during the study period | 85,588 (95.5) | – |
Triptan prescriptions per person-year, mean (SD) | 0.6 (2.6) | Â |
 MPA Score – N (%) | 66.6 (31.5) | – |
   11 - 100 | 59,599 (66.5) | – |
   > 100 | 29,976 (33.5) | – |
Environmental Exposures | ||
 Air Pollutants, Median (IQR) | ||
  NO2, ppb | 7.7 (5.7, 10.2) | 8.1 (5.9, 10.4) |
  PM2.5, μg/m3 | 8.7 (7.8, 9.6) | 8.9 (7.8, 9.7) |
 CH4 Emissions | ||
  Any super-emitter within 10 km, N (%) | 18,457 (20.6) | 57,224 (21.1) |
  Total IDW emissions in kg/hour, Mean (SD) | 21,461 (192,973) | 26,070 (180,548) |
 Active Oil and Gas wells | ||
  Any oil or gas well within 10 km, N (%) | 13,179 (14.7) | 37,010 (13.7) |
  Total IDW wells, Mean (SD) | 604 (6468) | 603 (6459) |