Table 1 Area-level measures used to identify ethnic enclaves (also described in Williams et al., 2020) [11]

API population density

(social attribute)

(A_T/P_T) ∗ 100

Percentage of API residents within an HRR.

Range 0–100; 100 suggests HRR consists of only API residents

Dissimilarity Index

(geographic attribute)

\( \frac{1}{2}\ \sum \limits_{i=1}^n\ \left|\frac{w_i}{W_T}-\frac{a_i}{A_T}\right| \)

Differential distribution of API and White populations within an HRR.

Range 0–1; score of 1 suggests absolute geographic separation of API and White populations within HRR.

Isolation Index

(geographic attribute)

\( \sum \limits_{i=1}^n\ \left(\frac{a_i}{A_T}\right)\ast \left(\frac{a_i}{P_T}\right) \)

Probability that API residents of an HRR will interaction with another API individual.

Range 0–1; score of 1 suggests an API resident in an HRR will only interact with other API residents.

Components

a_i

A_T

n

P_T

w_i

W_T