Annual dementia incidence and monetary burden attributable to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in Sweden

Table 1 Input data for the model

Parameter	Value	Description	Reference
Health data
Population at risk	2,650,000	≥60 years old in Sweden 2019	Statistics Sweden [23]
Baseline incidence	5.77 (2.70–8.69)	Crude incidence rate per 1000 person-years	Van Bussel et al. 2017 [24]
Average duration of dementia	6 years		Vermunt et al. 2019 [25]
Concentration Response Function (CRF) for total PM_2.5	1.08 (1.03–1.13) per 5 μg/m³	Meta-estimate	Yu et al. 2020 [7]
Exposure data
Total PM_2.5 concentration (C)	8.3 μg/m³		Gustafsson et al. 2018 [4]
Economic data
Sum of direct and indirect costs ^a	€ 40,000	Annual average costs per dementia case	Wimo et al. 2017 [21]
Medical care ^b	€ 2000
Social care sector ^c	€ 31,000
Indirect costs	€ 100
Informal care	€ 6000
Utility weights among dementia patients	0.457–0.486	EQ-5D	Mesterton et al. 2010 [26]
Utility weights for general population	0.795–0.845	EQ-5D	Burström et al. 2001 [27]
QALY-1 valuation	€ 226,600	Willingness-to-pay	Olofsson & Persson, 2018 [28]
QALY-2 valuation	€ 47,200	Threshold	Socialstyrelsen, 2011 [29]

^a Direct and indirect costs – sum of annual medical care, social care costs, indirect costs, informal costs
^b Funding body: county councils
^c Funding body: municipalities

ISSN: 1476-069X