Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence

Table 3 Comparison of US FDA ADI and effective oral doses from developmental studies with individual dyes

	Vorhees et al., 1983a	Tanaka 2001	Vorhees et al.,1983b	Tanaka 1994	Tanaka et al., 2012	Sobotka et al., 1977	Tanaka et al., 2006	Tanaka et al., 2008	Tanaka 1996
Dye	Red No. 3	Red No. 3	Red No. 40	Red No. 40	Blue No. 1	Yellow No. 5	Yellow No. 5	Yellow No. 5	Yellow No. 6
FDA ADI	2.5	2.5	7.0	7.0	12.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	3.75
100 X ADI^a (mg/kg/d)	250	250	700	700	1200	500	500	500	375
Study Doses (as % diet) NOAEL^b LOAEL^c	0, 0.25^c, 0.5, 1.0	0, 0.005, 0.015^b, 0.045^c	0, 2.5^c, 5.0, 10.0	0, 0.42, 0.84, 1.68^b	0, 0.08^c, 0.24, 0.72	0, 1.0, 2.0^b	0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45^b	0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45	0 0.15, 0.30, 0.60^b
Study ^d NOAEL or LOAEL in mg/kg/d	LOAEL 125^e	NOAEL 24	LOAEL 1250^e	NOAEL 3534	LOAEL 127	NOAEL 1000^e	NOAEL 841	Significant trend tests only	NOAEL 1146
*LOAEL < FDA ADI NOAEL*	*yes*	*yes*	no	no	*yes*	no	no	*N/A*	no

Effective doses are those at which statistically significant differences between dose group and control group were reported by authors. Endpoints are behavior or brain measures
^aNOAEL used to derive FDA ADI
^bNOAEL for study
^cLOAEL for study
^dFor studies from the Tokyo Metropolitan Laboratory of Public Health, for NOAELS without LOAELS, the mean value for males and females were used. For LOAELs and NOAELs with LOAELs, the value for the sex affected at the LOAEL was used
^e Calculated by OEHHA using standard assumptions about food intake and body weight

ISSN: 1476-069X