Table 1 Summary statistics of pesticide residues detected in the urine samples. The summary statistics values (μg/L) were estimated using the maximum likelihood inference for left-censored values. <LOD indicates that a reliable value could not be estimated because less than 50% of the samples contained quantifiable amounts of a given compound. In addition to these compounds, fipronil sulfone was detected in 1 sample (LOD of 0.1 μg/L) but not quantified. * 6 samples were missing. LOD, limit of detection; DF, detection frequency; IQR, 5% and 95% quantiles
From: Impacts of dietary exposure to pesticides on faecal microbiome metabolism in adult twins
pesticide group | active ingredient | metabolite | LOD | DF | median | max | IQR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dithiocarbamates | dithiocarbamates | carbon disulphide (CS2) | 5 | 10.8 | <LOD | 83 | <LOD |
pyrethroids | cypermethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin | trans 2,2-dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (Trans Cl2CA) | 0.02 | 96.9 | 0.18 | 23.0 | 0.027–1.2 |
cis 2,2-dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (Cis-Cl2CA) | 0.01 | 98.4 | 0.07 | 7.1 | 0.014–0.38 | ||
most pyrethroids | 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) | 0.015 | 80.0 | 0.12 | 10.6 | 0.039–1.8 | |
cyfluthrin | 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F-3-PBA) | 0.015 | 10.0 | <LOD | 0.10 | <LOD | |
deltamethrin | cis − 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (Br2CA) | 0.015 | 95.4 | 0.077 | 1.64 | 0.014–0.42 | |
organophosphorus | Unspecific of methyl- organophosphates, e.g., dimethoate, chlorpyrifos-methyl, azinphos-methyl, malathion, fenthion, phosmet | dimethylphosphate (DMP) | 1 | 14.6 | <LOD | 51.6 | <LOD |
dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) | 1 | 58.5 | 5.2 | 88.6 | 0.83–31.9 | ||
dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) | 1 | 2.3 | <LOD | 36.5 | <LOD | ||
Unspecific metabolite of ethyl- organophosphates e.g., chlorpyrifos, diazinon, ethion, coumaphos, terbufos | diethylphosphate (DEP) | 0.5 | 75.4 | 2.5 | 180 | 0.35–17.4 | |
diethylthiophosphate (DETP) | 1 | 1.5 | <LOD | 5.7 | <LOD | ||
glyphosate | glyphosate | glyphosate* | 0.05 | 53 | 0.045 | 2.8 | 0.0025–0.84 |
aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)* | 0.1 | 5.6 | <LOD | 1.4 | <LOD | ||
N,N-dialkylarylamides | DEET | N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET)* | 0.1 | 11.3 | <LOD | 8 | <LOD |
neonicotinoid | imidacloprid | imidacloprid | 0.05 | 1.6 | <LOD | 1.1 | <LOD |