Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to NAFLD and non-NAFLD, NHANES 2013–16
Variables | Â | Total | Â | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | Â | |
N = 960 | N = 420 | N = 540 | p value | |
Age a | 52.9 (17.3) | 53.1 (18.5) | 52.8 (16.3) | 0.833 |
Sex, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.063 |
 Female | 516 (53.8%) | 211 (50.4%) | 305 (56.5%) |  |
 Male | 444 (46.2%) | 209 (49.8%) | 235 (43.5%) |  |
Ethnicity, n(%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Non-Hispanic White | 367 (38.2%) | 169 (40.2%) | 198 (36.7%) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 212 (22.1%) | 73 (17.4%) | 139 (25.7%) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Asian | 129 (13.4%) | 96 (22.9%) | 33 (6.11%) |  |
 Mexican American | 130 (13.6%) | 36 (8.57%) | 94 (17.4%) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 122 (12.7%) | 46 (11.0%) | 76 (14.1%) |  |
Education, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 Less than high school | 210 (21.9%) | 75 (17.9%) | 135 (25.0%) |  |
 High school or equivalent | 210 (21.9%) | 80 (19.0%) | 130 (24.1%) |  |
 College or above | 540 (56.2%) | 265 (63.1%) | 275 (50.9%) |  |
Poverty income ratio | Â | Â | Â | 0.117 |
  < 1.0 | 209 (21.8%) | 81 (19.3%) | 128 (23.7%) |  |
  ≥ 1.0 | 751 (78.2%) | 339 (80.7%) | 412 (76.3%) |  |
Smoking, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.906 |
 never | 596 (62.1%) | 261 (62.3%) | 335 (62.0%) |  |
 former | 229 (23.9%) | 98 (23.3%) | 131 (24.3%) |  |
 current | 135 (14.1%) | 61 (14.5%) | 74 (13.7%) |  |
Drinking, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.345 |
 No or unknown | 293 (30.6%) | 121 (28.8%) | 172 (31.9%) |  |
 Yes | 667 (69.5%) | 299 (71.2%) | 368 (68.1%) |  |
Hypertension, n(%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 504 (52.5%) | 260 (61.9%) | 244 (45.2%) |  |
 Yes | 456 (47.5%) | 160 (38.1%) | 296 (54.8%) |  |
Diabetes, n(%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 722 (75.2%) | 366 (87.1%) | 356 (65.9%) |  |
 Yes | 238 (24.8%) | 54 (12.9%) | 184 (34.1%) |  |
 BMI, (kg/m2) a | 29.3 (7.08) | 23.8 (2.92) | 33.6 (6.35) |  < 0.001 |
 TC, (mg/dL) a | 188 (39.7) | 188 (39.4) | 188 (39.9) | 0.910 |
 TG, (mg/dL) b | 94.0 [63.0;136] | 80.0 [56.0;112] | 108 [74.0;155] |  < 0.001 |
 LDL-C, (mg/dL) a | 112 (34.8) | 109 (33.7) | 113 (35.7) | 0.083 |
 HDL-C, (mg/dL) a | 54.6 (16.1) | 60.1 (17.5) | 50.4 (13.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Glucose, (mg/dL) a | 111 (37.4) | 102 (25.6) | 119 (43.1) |  < 0.001 |
 HbA1c (%) a | 5.92 (1.26) | 5.60 (0.87) | 6.16 (1.45) |  < 0.001 |
 Urinary BPA, (ng/mL) b | 1.10 [0.50;2.20] | 0.90 [0.50;2.00] | 1.25 [0.60;2.32] | 0.001 |
 Urinary BPS, (ng/mL) b | 0.50 [0.20;1.20] | 0.40 [0.20;0.95] | 0.60 [0.20;1.33] |  < 0.001 |
 Urinary BPF, (ng/mL) b | 0.25 [0.14;0.80] | 0.20 [0.14;0.70] | 0.30 [0.14;0.80] | 0.231 |
 HSI a | 38.5 (8.20) | 31.5 (3.07) | 43.9 (6.65) |  < 0.001 |