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Table 4 Changes in the demographic and socioeconomic indicators in Spain between 1979 and 2018

From: Temporal variation of the temperature-mortality association in Spain: a nationwide analysis

 

Population older than 65 years (%) (a)

Life expectancy at birth (years) (b)

GDP, constant 2015 US$ (c)

Health expenditure as % of GDP (d)

Air conditioning prevalence (%) (e)

1979–1988

11.7

76.1

15389.6

4.5

 

1989–1998

14.5

77.8

19842.1

5.5

9.0

1999–2008

16.7

80.1

25463.8

7.5

27.2

2009–2018

17.9

82.6

25784.7

9.1

43.7

  1. Indicators estimated as average value for each decade according to the data availability
  2. a Population structure indicators by National Institute of Statistics of Spain. Available at www.ine.es
  3. b Demographic indicators by National Institute of Statistics of Spain. Available at www.ine.es
  4. c GDP per capita by World Bank. Available at data.worldbank.org
  5. d Public health spending in Spain: 10 years of national health system by Ministry of Economy and Finance. Global Health Expenditure by World Health Organization. Available at apps.who.int
  6. e Population and Housing Census, Life Conditions Survey, Households and Environment Survey by National Institute of Statistics of Spain. Available at www.ine.es. Housing survey by the Center for Sociological Studies. Available at www.cis.es
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X