Table 3 Adjusted^a cumulative hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of gestational diabetes per interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM_2.5 and O₃ for the DLM-identified sensitive windows, stratified by potential effect modifiers

Asthma

 Presence

1.21 (1.05 – 1.35)

0.96 (0.88 – 1.04)

1.12 (1.07 – 1.15)

 Absence

1.06 (1.01 – 1.10)

1.03 (1.01 – 1.06)

1.04 (1.01 – 1.07)

 P value for effect modification

0.099

0.331

0.041

Chronic hypertension

 Presence

0.95 (0.80 – 1.14)

0.96 (0.86 – 1.08)

1.03 (0.88 – 1.21)

 Absence

1.07 (1.02 – 1.11)

1.00 (0.99 – 1.02)

1.08 (1.04 – 1.12)

 P value for effect modification

0.754

0.852

0.842

NDVI

 1^st tertile

1.10 (1.06 – 1.14)

1.01 (0.98 – 1.04)

1.05 (1.02 – 1.09)

 2^nd tertile

1.07 (1.02 – 1.11)

1.03 (1.01 – 1.06)

1.08 (1.04 – 1.12)

 3^rd tertile

1.04 (1.00 – 1.08)

1.00 (0.98 – 1.03)

1.04 (1.01 – 1.06)

 P value for effect modification

0.423

0.732

0.891

GVI

 1^st tertile

1.12 (1.07 – 1.16)

1.00 (0.97 – 1.03)

1.02 (0.98 – 1.06)

 2^nd tertile

1.06 (1.02 – 1.10)

1.01 (0.98 – 1.04)

1.06 (1.02 – 1.10)

 3^rd tertile

1.07 (1.02 – 1.11)

1.03 (1.00 – 1.06)

1.09 (1.04 – 1.13)

 P value for effect modification

0.521

0.789

0.652

Active Living Environment

 1^st tertile

1.06 (1.01 – 1.10)

1.00 (0.97 – 1.04)

1.03 (0.99 – 1.07)

 2^nd tertile

1.02 (0.98 – 1.06)

1.01 (0.99 – 1.04)

1.06 (1.02 – 1.10)

 3^rd tertile

1.12 (1.08 – 1.16)

1.03 (1.00 – 1.05)

1.08 (1.04 – 1.12)

 P value for effect modification

0.489

0.921

0.356