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Table 2 Metal analysis of the inhalable dust fraction

From: Occupational quartz and particle exposure affect systemic levels of inflammatory markers related to inflammasome activation and cardiovascular disease

N = 22 dust filters

AM

SD

GM

GSD

Min

Max

Swedish OEL

OEL dust fraction

Inhalable dust (µg/m3)

4 529

6 879

2 947

2.2

805

34 100

5 000

Inhalable

Metals, % of total mass

21

12

18

1.9

5

45

  

Metals (µg/m3)

 Iron (Fe)

976

2 831

264

4

34

13 500

3 500

Respirable

 Magnesium (Mg)

157

164

70

4.6

5.1

480

N/A

 

 Zink (Zn)

69

180

7.9

9.9

0.41

840

N/A

 

 Aluminum (Al)

64

75

44

2.2

13

345

5 000

Total dust

 Calcium (Ca)

36

61

19

2.8

6.0

295

N/A

 

 Chromium (Cr)

32

135

0.63

13

 < 0.061

635

500

Total dust

 Manganese (Mn)

14

27

3.9

4.9

0.50

101

200

Inhalable

 Barium (Ba)

7.9

18

2.8

3.8

0.41

89

500

Total dust

 Copper (Cu)

5.2

13

1.1

6

0.064

62

10

Respirable

 Lead (Pb)

3.7

6.5

0.76

7.1

0.046

22

100

Inhalable

 Nickel (Ni)

2.1

4.1

0.47

6.3

 < 0.12

19

500

Total dust

 Antimony (Sb)

0.48

1.1

0.16

3.8

 < 0.095

5.3

250

Inhalable

 Vanadium (V)

0.42

1.3

0.09

4.2

 < 0.059

6.2

200

Total dust

 Molybdenum (Mo)

0.33

0.76

0.094

4.2

 < 0.059

3.5

10 000

Total dust

 Cobalt (Co)

0.21

0.54

0.073

3.2

 < 0.059

2.6

20

Inhalable

 Arsenic (As)

0.11

0.14

 < 0.14

1.9

 < 0.12

0.70

10

Inhalable

 Cadmium (Cd)

0.073

0.10

 < 0.058

2.3

 < 0.056

0.36

4

Inhalable

 Tallium (Tl)

0.0051

0.0052

 < 0.0066

1.8

 < 0.0056

0.024

N/A

 
  1. Considering the OEL dust fractions, the total dust fraction is comparable to the inhalable fraction (approx. 100 µm in aerodynamic diameter and smaller), whereas the respirable fraction represents particles approximately 4 µm and smaller. The dust filters were placed accordingly: casting/mold making site (n = 10), core making (n = 4), sand preparation (n = 3), melting (n = 2), fettling (n = 2), and feedstock area (n = 1). N/A indicate that no Swedish OELs is set for the given element
  2. AM Arithmetic mean, SD Arithmetic standard deviation, GM Geometric mean, GSD Geometric standard deviation, OEL Occupational exposure limit, N/A Not applicable