Table 1 Number of studies (n = 35) evaluating candidate determinants of PFAS exposure in pregnant mothers or neonates

Maternal age

27

Parity

25

Maternal BMI^a

22

Maternal education

20

Maternal smoking or serum cotinine

20

Maternal race, nationality, or country of origin

15

Household income

12

Maternal alcohol consumption

11

Breastfeeding history

8

Infant sex

7

Marital status

7

Preterm delivery or gestational age

6

Sample collection date during collection period

5

Source of drinking water

4

Urban, rural, or suburban home

4

Housing characteristics

3

Menstruation characteristics and history

3

Personal care product use

3

Weight gain during pregnancy

3

Employment status

2

Food insecurity

2

Home renovations

2

Hospital where neonate was born

2

Oral contraceptive use

2

Airborne precursors to PFAAs (monitored through air sampling)

1

Cockroaches in the home

1

Consumption of fish oils

1

Distance to industrial plant

1

Environmental contaminants exposure in the home

1

Exposure to World Trade Center (WTC) disaster

1

Fasting status at blood draw

1

Financial strain

1

Frequency of floor cleaning

1

Maternal GFR

1

Healthy eating index

1

Maternal heavy metal concentrations

1

Home redecoration

1

Insurance status

1

Maternal weight

1

Marijuana use during pregnancy

1

Method of delivery

1

Occupation

1

Packing hot food in plastic bags

1

Paternal education

1

Maternal plasma albumin

1

Previous miscarriages

1

Silver dental fillings

1

Social class

1

Time between pregnancies

1

Use of nonstick cookware

1

Use of pesticides during pregnancy

1

Year of delivery

1