Table 3 Conclusion statements from included studies (by decreasing year of publication)

Sandoval-Insausti et al., 2022 Environ Int [17]

Consumptions of ≥ 4 servings/day of low-pesticide-residue F&V were linked to 36% lower risk of total mortality relative to consuming < 1 serving/day (total mortality, low pesticides F&V: HR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.64, 95%CI (0.59, 0.68)). Conversely, intake of high-pesticide-residue F&V was unrelated to mortality (corresponding estimate for high-pesticide residue F&V intake was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.07)). Pattern similar across the three most frequent causes of death (cardiovascular diseases, cancer and respiratory diseases).

Cote et al., 2022 Am J Epidemiol [18]

An association was observed between intake of high-pesticide-residue F&V and glioma in NHS (multivariable-adjusted HR = 2.99, 95%CI: 1.38, 6.44 comparing highest with lowest quintile, P for trend = 0.02). No association identified in NHSII (multivariable-adjusted HR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.19, 1.45, P for trend = 0.20) or HPFS (multivariable-adjusted HR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.42, 2.45, P for trend = 0.39). No significant associations were detected with low-pesticide-residue F&V consumption or overall consumption in any cohort.

Rebouillat et al., 2022 Env Health [19]

Positive association between NMF component 1 (reflecting highest exposure to several synthetic pesticides) and T2D risk on the whole sample: HR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.47, 95%CI (1.00, 2.18). NMF Component 3 (reflecting low exposure to several synthetic pesticides) was associated with a decrease in T2D risk, among those with high dietary quality only (high adherence to French dietary guidelines, including high plant foods consumption): HR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.31, 95%CI (0.10, 0.94). NMF Component 2 associated with a higher T2D risk in the 3rd tertile of sPNNS-GS2 score (high adherence to French dietary guidelines): P for trend = 0.03.

Sandoval-Insausti et al., 2021 Environ Int [20]

The HR (95%CI) of cancer per 1 serving/day increase in intake were 0.99, 95%CI (0.97, 1.01) for high- and 1.01, 95%CI (0.99, 1.02) for low-pesticide-residue F&V intake. No association between high pesticide-residue F&V intake ([HR, 95%CI comparing Q5 vs Q1 of intake] and risk of specific sites, including malignancies previously linked to occupational pesticide exposure or organic foods: lung [1.17 95%CI (0.95, 1.43)], non-Hodgkin lymphoma [0.89 95%CI (0.72, 1.09)], prostate [1.31 95%CI (0.88, 1.93)]) or breast [1.03 95%CI (0.94, 1.31)]).

Rebouillat et al., 2021 Int J Epidemiol [21]

Negative associations between Component 3, reflecting low exposure to synthetic pesticides, and postmenopausal BC risk: HR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.57; 95%CI (0.34;0.93), P for trend = 0.006. Positive association between Component 1 score (highly correlated to chlorpyrifos, imazalil, malathion, thiabendazole) and post-menopausal BC risk was found specifically among women with overweight or obesity, HR_Q5vsQ1 = 4.13; 95%CI (1.50;11.44), P for trend = 0.006. No associations were detected for the other components.

Chiu et al., 2019 Environ Int [22]

Pooled: High-pesticide-residue F&V: multivariable-adjusted for CHD: HR_Q5vsQ1 = 1.06, 95%CI (0.92, 1.21), P for trend = 0.45. Low-pesticide-residue F&V: HR_Q5vsQ1 = 0.82, 95%CI (0.71, 0.94), P for trend = 0.001.