Table 3 Meta-analysis study characteristics
First Author, Year | Country (Cohort) | N (%males) | Neurotoxicant | Compound | Biomarker and Timing of Exposure | Median of Exposure (ppb) | Outcome Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azar, 2021 [55] | Canada (MIREC) | 584–589 (48.8–49.1) | PBDE | ΣPBDEc | 1st trimester blood | 12.9 | FSIQ and PIQ on WPPSI-III at 3–4 years |
Bouchard, 2011 [57] | USA (CHAMACOS) | 297 (47.5) | OPP | ∑DAPd | Mean of 5–27 weeks’ gestation urine and 18–39 weeks’ gestation urine  | 41.3 | FSIQ on WISC-IV at 7 years |
Desrochers-Couture, 2018 [63] | Canada (MIREC) | 601–606 (~ 48.8) | Lead Lead | N/A N/A | Cord blood Child blood at 3–4 years | 7.9 6.7 | FSIQ, PIQ, and VIQ on WPPSI-III at 3–4 years |
Dietrich, 1993 [64] | USA (Cincinnati Lead Study) | 251 (N/A) | Lead | N/A | Cord Blood | 83.0a | PIQ on WISC-R at 6.5Â years |
Eskenazi, 2013 [66] | USA (CHAMACOS) | 231–256 (45.5–45.7) | PBDE | ΣPBDEc | 2nd trimester blood or maternal blood at delivery | 24.9 | PIQ on WPPSI-III at 5 years and FSIQ on WISC-IV at 7 years |
Gascon, 2015 [69] | Spain (INMA- Sabadell) | 367 (52.0) | Phthalate | ΣDEHPe | Average of 1st and 3rd trimester urine | 99,800 | GCI, PPS, VS on MSCA at 4 years |
Guo, 2020 [53] | China (SMBCS) | 297 (~ 57.0) | Lead Mercury | N/A | Maternal urine at delivery Maternal urine at delivery | 1.7 0.4 | FSIQ, PRI, and VCI, on C-WISC at 7 years |
Huang, 2012 [101] | Taiwan (N/A) | 133 (~ 51.9) | Lead | N/A | Blood at 2–3 years Blood at 5–6 years | 25.0 23.0 | FSIQ on WPPSI-R at 5–6 years and WISC-III at 8–9 years |
Hyland, 2019 [73] | USA (CHAMACOS) | 321–323 (47.9- 48.5) | Phthalate | ΣDEHPe | Median of 13- and 26-week urine | 78.1 | FSIQ, PRI, and VCI on WISC-IV at 7 years and 10.5 years |
Julvez, 2013 [76] | UK (ALSPAC) | 914 (52.4) | Mercury | N/A | Umbilical cord tissue | 26.0a | FSIQ on WISC-III short form at 8Â years |
Jusko, 2019 [77] | Netherlands (Generation R) | 708 (51.3) | OPP | ∑DAPd | Mean of three urines |  ~ 314 nmol/g | Mosaics and Categories subtests on SON-R at 6 years |
Li, 2019 [79] | USA (HOME) | 245–251 (~ 43.0–45.0) | Phthalate | ΣDEHPf | 26 weeks’ gestation urine | 69.8 | FSIQ on WPPSI-III at 5 years or WISC-IV at 8 years |
Llop, 2017 [80] | Spain (INMA) | 1362 (52.3) | Mercury | N/A | Cord blood | 8.80a | GCI, PPS, VS on MSCA at 4Â years |
McMichael, 1992 [83] | Australia (Port Pirie Cohort Study) | 548 (N/A) | Lead | N/A | Lifetime average blood up to 4 years |  ~ 190a | GCI on MSCA at 4 years |
Ntantu Nkinsa, 2020 [88] | Canada (MIREC) | 505–510 (48.5–48.8) | OPP | ∑DAPd | 1st trimester urine | 27.8 | FSIQ and PIQ on WPPSI-III at 3–4 years |
Pocock, 1987 [90] | UK (The Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study) | 402 (45.3) | Lead | N/A | Incisor teeth at 6Â years | Males: 3980b Females: 4020b | FSIQ on WISC-R at 6Â years |
Tatsuta, 2020 [54] | Japan (TSCD) | 289 (51.2) | Lead Mercury | N/A | Cord blood Cord blood | 8.0  ~ 15.6 | FSIQ, PRI, and VCI on Japanese version of the WISC-IV at 12 years |
Taylor, 2017 [95] | UK (ALSPAC) | 1826 (56.6) | Lead | N/A | 1st trimester blood | 34.1 | FSIQ, PIQ, and VIQ on WISC-III (UK) at 8Â years |
Torres-Olascoaga, 2020 [96] | Mexico (ELEMENT) | 188–214 (~ 46.8) | Phthalate | ΣDEHPe | 2nd trimester urine | N/A | GCI on MSCA at 4 years |
van den Dries, 2020 | Netherlands (Generation R) | 1269–1274 (~ 50.5) | Phthalate | ΣDEHPe | Mean of three urines |  ~ 0.042 | Mosaics and Categories subtests on SON-R at 6 years |