Fig. 2

Exposure to PFAS impacts survival fraction in HEC-1 cells. a Timeline of experiments. b Survival fraction significantly increased compared to controls (dashed line) in HEC-1 cells exposed to select PFAS then treated with carboplatin. c A significant increase in survival fraction was observed in HEC-1 cells exposed to PFHpA then treated with cisplatin. d Heat map of changes in survival fraction after exposure to PFAS or PFAS mixtures followed by treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. White-dashed boxes in the top panel (carboplatin-treated) highlight groups in which significant increases in survival fraction were observed, representing chemotherapy resistant cell populations. In the bottom panel (cisplatin-treated), a significant change was only observed in one group (lightest pink box). Data in graphs (b) and (c) are shown as a percentage of the vehicle control for each chemotherapy group; n = 3 independent experiments in duplicate. Significant differences between PFAS or PFAS mixture exposure groups versus vehicle group are denoted by * (p < 0.05). The entire dataset is included in Supplemental Figs. 5 and 9