Fig. 3

Exposure to PFAS mixtures impacts survival fraction in Ishikawa cells. a Timeline of experiments. b Survival fraction is not significantly altered compared to controls (dashed line) in Ishikawa cells exposed to PFAS mixtures and treated with carboplatin. c Relative to the vehicle control, a significant reduction in survival fraction was observed in Ishikawa cells exposed to select PFAS mixtures then treated with cisplatin, indicative of an enhanced chemotherapeutic response. d Heat map of changes in survival fraction after exposure to PFAS or PFAS mixtures followed by treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. Darker black boxes in the bottom panel (cisplatin-treated) highlight groups in which significant decreases in survival fraction were observed, in contrast to those in the top panel (carboplatin-treated) where no significant changes were observed. Data in graphs (b) and (c) are shown as a percentage of the vehicle control for each chemotherapy group; n = 4 independent experiments in duplicate. Significant differences between PFAS or PFAS mixture exposure group versus vehicle group are denoted by * (p < 0.05). The entire dataset is provided in Supplemental Figs. 6 and 10