Fig. 4
ΔΨm increases after exposure to PFAS in HEC-1 and Ishikawa cells but decreases after treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. a Timeline of experiments. After treatment with carboplatin, cisplatin, and/or CCCP, ΔΨm decreased significantly compared to the vehicle control in (b,d) HEC-1 and (c,e) Ishikawa cells. In (f) HEC-1 (orange) and (g) Ishikawa (purple) cells exposed to select PFAS, ΔΨm increases significantly compared to the vehicle control (dashed line). Exposure to PFAS mixtures do not significantly alter ΔΨm in (h) HEC-1 cells. In (i) Ishikawa cells, a significant increase ΔΨm was observed in select groups. Data are shown as a percentage of the vehicle control; n = 3 in at least triplicate for HEC-1 and Ishikawa carboplatin (b,c) and cisplatin (d,e), n = 3 independent experiments in duplicate for (f) HEC-1 PFAS, n = 4 independent experiments in duplicate for (g) Ishikawa PFAS, n = 4 independent experiments in at least triplicate for (h) HEC-1 mixtures and (i) Ishikawa mixtures. Significant differences between PFAS, PFAS mixtures, or chemotherapy/CCCP group versus vehicle group are denoted by * (p < 0.05)