Fig. 5
ΔΨm increases in HEC-1 and Ishikawa cells following exposure to PFAS or PFAS mixtures + carboplatin treatment. a Timeline of experiments. In (b,d,f) HEC-1 cells, ΔΨm increased in cells exposed to select PFAS after treatment with carboplatin. A significant increase in ΔΨm after exposure of HEC-1 cells to (h) PFAS mixtures was only observed in the PFOA + PFHpA + PFPA group. In Ishikawa cells, (c) PFOA exposure did not significantly alter ΔΨm. Increased ΔΨm was observed in Ishikawa cells exposed to (e) PFHpA and (g) PFPA at numerous carboplatin treatment levels. Increased ΔΨm was also observed in Ishikawa cells after exposure to (i) PFAS mixtures then treatment with carboplatin. Data are shown as a percentage of the vehicle control at each carboplatin level; n = 3 independent experiments in duplicate for HEC-1 individual PFAS, n = 4 independent experiments in duplicate for HEC-1 mixtures, Ishikawa individual PFAS, and Ishikawa mixtures. Significant differences between PFAS/PFAS mixture + carboplatin treatment group versus vehicle group at each respective carboplatin dose are denoted by * (p < 0.05)