Table 1 Population characteristics by metabolic syndrome status in NHANES 2003–2016 (n = 10,428)

Age (years)

49.0 ± 17.8

46.0 ± 17.8

57.0 ± 15.4

 < 0.001

0.005

Male (%)

48.8

49.4

47.0

0.026

0.078

Education levels (%)

0.008

0.032

 Under high school

10.9

9.5

14.6

 High school

23.1

22.6

24.3

 Above high school

51.1

53.9

43.5

Race/ethnicity (%)

 Mexican American

15.7

15.2

16.9

 Non-Hispanic white

42.6

42.3

43.2

 Non-Hispanic black

21.9

21.4

23.3

 Others

19.8

21.0

16.6

PIR

 < 0.001

0.005

  < 1.52

43.7

42.3

47.4

 1.52 to 3.48

27.6

27.4

28.2

  > 3.48

28.7

30.3

24.4

Smoking Status (%)

 < 0.001

0.005

 Never

29.2

28.4

31.5

 Former

46.7

47.4

44.9

 Active

24.0

24.2

23.6

Alcohol Drinking Status (%)

 < 0.001

0.005

 Never

10.3

14.3

24.1

 Former

6.7

6.0

8.4

 Active

60.9

63.9

52.8

Physical activity (%)

 < 0.001

0.005

 Never

34.4

31.2

43.1

 Moderate

30.9

30.1

33.4

 Vigorous

34.2

38.3

22.9

Cancer

 < 0.001

0.005

 Yes

9.03

7.6

12.9

 No

90.97

92.4

87.1

Cardiovascular disease

 < 0.001

0.005

 Yes

10.8

7.1

20.7

 No

89.2

92.9

79.3

Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)

125.4 ± 80.0

125.9 ± 81.8

123.7 ± 75.0

0.199

0.199

ln (Urinary creatinine)

0.1 ± 0.1

0.1 ± 0.1

0.1 ± 0.1

0.199

0.199

Indicator of Metabolic Syndrome

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

123.9 ± 18.5

120.9 ± 17.2

132.0 ± 19.2

 < 0.001

0.005

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

69.7 ± 13.1

69.2 ± 12.2

70.7 ± 15.1

 < 0.001

0.005

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

109.2 ± 36.2

99.8 ± 22.0

129.0 ± 49.8

 < 0.001

0.005

 Waist circumference (cm)

99.2 ± 16.4

94.7 ± 14.7

111.2 ± 14.5

 < 0.001

0.005

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

127.8 ± 104.3

100.5 ± 69.5

185.5 ± 137.0

 < 0.001

0.005

 High density cholesterol (mg/dL)

53.1 ± 16.2

56.5 ± 16.2

43.7 ± 12.0

 < 0.001

0.005

Diet

 Total energy intake, kcal/day

2113.8 ± 1017.0

2164.8 ± 1036.0

1978.2 ± 951.7

 < 0.001

0.005

 Total fat intake, g/day

79.8 ± 47.3

81.1 ± 48.1

76.3 ± 44.8

 < 0.001

0.005

Dichlorophenol biomarkers

 2,5-dichlorophenol (μg/L)

177.5 ± 1215.7

151.7 ± 1125.4

247.1 ± 1429.1

 < 0.001

0.005

 2,4-dichlorophenol (μg/L)

5.3 ± 32.2

4.5 ± 27.8

7.3 ± 41.8

 < 0.001

0.005

 ln (2,5-dichlorophenol)

2.0 ± 2.2

1.9 ± 2.2

2.2 ± 2.3

 < 0.001

0.005

 ln (2,4-dichlorophenol)

-0.1 ± 1.5

-0.2 ± 1.4

0.0 ± 1.5

 < 0.001

0.005

 Total Dichlorophenol (μg/L)

182.8 ± 1246.8

156.2 ± 1152.1

254.5 ± 1469.9

 < 0.001

0.005