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Table 2 Multivariate-adjusted Odds ratios (95% CI) of associations between dichlorophenol biomarkers and the prevalence of MetS in NHANES 2003–2016 (n = 10,428)

From: Associations of dichlorophenol with metabolic syndrome based on multivariate-adjusted logistic regression: a U.S. nationwide population-based study 2003-2016

Biomarkersa

Effect estimates by continuous metabolites

Effect estimates (95% CI) by quantiles of metabolites

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P-trend

Adjust P-trendb

2,5-dichlorophenol (μg/L)

 < 1.5

1.6–5.4

5.5–25.2

 > 25.3

  

 Case/N

2,821/10,428

632/2,644

696/2,569

710/2610

783/2,605

  

  Model 1

1.05 (1.02–1.08)

1

1.10 (0.94–1.29)

1.21 (1.00–1.46)

1.26 (1.06–1.51)

0.009

0.027

  Model 2

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

1

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

1.22 (1.01–1.47)

1.30 (1.09–1.56)

0.005

0.027

  Model 3

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

1

1.08 (0.92–1.26)

1.16 (0.97–1.39)

1.21 (1.00–1.45)

0.039

0.078

  Model 4

1.05 (1.00–1.10)

1

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

1.22 (1.00–1.49)

1.34 (1.04–1.73)

0.018

0.043

2,4-dichlorophenol (μg/L)

 < 0.3

0.4–0.7

0.8–1.8

 > 1.9

  

 Case/N

2,821/10,428

697/2,704

683/2,536

711/2,644

730/2,544

  

  Model 1

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

1

1.04 (0.88–1.23)

1.04 (0.86–1.25)

1.09 (0.90–1.31)

0.44

0.528

  Model 2

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

1

1.04 (0.88–1.23)

1.04 (0.87–1.26)

1.09 (0.91–1.32)

0.387

0.516

  Model 3

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

1

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

1.01 (0.84–1.21)

1.01 (0.83–1.21)

0.979

0.997

  Model 4

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

1

0.96 (0.80–1.14)

0.91 (0.74–1.13)

0.83 (0.65–1.06)

0.997

0.997

Total Dichlorophenol (μg/L)

 < 2.1

2.1–6.4

6.4–26.9

 > 27

  

 Case/N

2,821/10,428

639/2,637

686/2,560

713/2,623

783/2,608

  

  Model 1

1.05 (1.02–1.08)

1

1.06 (0.90–1.25)

1.19 (1.00–1.41)

1.25 (1.05–1.49)

0.008

0.027

  Model 2

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

1

1.07 (0.91–1.26)

1.20 (1.01–1.42)

1.28 (1.07–1.54)

0.005

0.027

  Model 3

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

1

1.03 (0.88–1.22)

1.14 (0.96–1.34)

1.18 (0.99–1.42)

0.046

0.079

  Model 4

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

1

1.02 (0.86–1.21)

1.13 (0.95–1.33)

1.17 (0.98–1.41)

0.053

0.080

  1. CI confidence interval, OR Odd ratio, Q quintile, PIR poverty-income ratio
  2. Model 1 was adjusted urinary creatinine concentration
  3. Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in Model l plus age (years), gender (male or female) and race (non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, or others)
  4. Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in Model 2 plus education (under high school, high school, or above high school), PIR (< 1.52, 1.52 to 3.48, or > 3.48), physical activity (never, moderate, or vigorous), smoking (non-smoker, former smoker, or active smoker), and drinking (abstainer or active drinker) status
  5. Model 4 was adjusted for covariates in Model 3 plus total energy intake and total fat intake
  6. aBiomarkers were log-transformed and individually included in the multivariable logistic regression model
  7. bAdjusted p-values were assessed by Benjamini–Hochberg procedure
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X