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Table 3 Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for associations between dichlorophenol biomarkers and individual components of MetS prevalence in NHANES 2003–2016

From: Associations of dichlorophenol with metabolic syndrome based on multivariate-adjusted logistic regression: a U.S. nationwide population-based study 2003-2016

aBiomarkers

Elevated blood pressure (n = 4,831)

High fasting glucose (n = 1,663)

Abdominal obesity (n = 5,428)

Hypertriglyceridemia (n = 1,194)

Low HDL-C (n = 3,569)

OR (95% CI)

p trend

Adjust p trendb

OR (95% CI)

p trend

Adjust p trendb

OR (95% CI)

p trend

Adjust p trendb

OR (95% CI)

p trend

Adjust p trendb

OR (95% CI)

p trend

Adjust p trendb

2,5-dichlorophenol (μg/L)

0.862

0.862

 

0.202

0.38

 

0.017

0.085

 

0.378

0.472

 

0.228

0.38

 Q1

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Q2

0.97 (0.82–1.14)

  

0.97 (0.81–1.17)

  

1.13 (0.97–1.31)

 

1.16 (0.94–1.44)

 

0.98 (0.83–1.15)

  

 Q3

1.08 (0.91–1.28)

  

1.12 (0.89–1.40)

  

1.20 (1.02–1.40)

 

1.23 (0.99–1.52)

 

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

  

 Q4

0.98 (0.80–1.19)

  

1.13 (0.89–1.44)

  

1.23 (1.03–1.48)

 

1.06 (0.86–1.29)

 

1.07 (0.89–1.29)

  

2,4-dichlorophenol (μg/L)

0.479

0.479

 

0.159

0.392

 

0.318

0.398

 

0.235

0.392

 

0.056

0.28

 Q1

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Q2

1.02 (0.85–1.22)

  

1.09 (0.85–1.40)

  

0.97 (0.83–1.14)

 

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

 

1.00 (0.86–1.16)

  

 Q3

1.05 (0.87–1.26)

  

1.15 (0.85–1.55)

  

0.99 (0.84–1.17)

 

0.93 (0.72–1.19)

 

0.94 (0.81–1.10)

  

 Q4

0.91 (0.74–1.11)

  

1.26 (0.92–1.72)

  

0.90 (0.75–1.07)

 

0.88 (0.68–1.15)

 

0.86 (0.72–1.01)

  

Total dichlorophenol (μg/L)

0.143

0.238

 

0.04

0.155

 

0.062

0.155

 

0.58

0.58

 

0.419

0.524

 Q1

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Q2

1.03 (0.89–1.20)

  

1.02 (0.83–1.27)

  

0.95 (0.83–1.09)

 

1.25 (0.98–1.59)

 

0.95 (0.81–1.11)

  

 Q3

1.12 (0.96–1.30)

  

1.25 (0.99–1.59)

  

1.10 (0.93–1.29)

 

1.15 (0.92–1.43)

 

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

  

 Q4

1.13 (0.94–1.35)

  

1.25 (0.96–1.62)

  

1.17 (0.97–1.40)

 

1.07 (0.88–1.31)

 

1.03 (0.85–1.25)

  
  1. CI confidence interval, OR Odd ratio, Q quintile, PIR poverty-income ratio
  2. Adjusted covariates: urinary creatinine concentration, age (years), gender (male or female) and race (non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, or others), education (under high school, high school, or above high school), PIR (< 1.52, 1.52 to 3.48, or > 3.48), physical activity (never, moderate, or vigorous), smoking (non-smoker, former smoker, or active smoker), and drinking (abstainer or active drinker) status, total energy intake, and total fat intake
  3. aBiomarkers were log-transformed and individually included in the multivariable logistic regression model
  4. bAdjusted p-values were assessed by Benjamini-Hochberg procedure
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Environmental Health

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