Table 1 CHANGE Tool Step 1: Study classification

Exposure type

Precipitation; Temperature; Humidity; Drought; Air Pollution; Sea level rise; Storm surge; Flooding; Wildfires; Extreme heat/heat wave; Climate variation; Power outages; Food insecurity/famine; Resource availability; Economic/Market conditions; Climate change adaptation/mitigation (e.g. greening or cooling centers); General; Other

Outcome type

Mortality; Direct physical health impact; Indirect physical health impact; Direct mental health impact; Indirect mental health impact; health systems capacity; Upstream health determinants; Other

Timeframe of climate change exposure

Long term change; Inter-annual or decadal variability; Isolated extreme events

Timeframe of outcome

Long term change; Longitudinal change; Cross-sectional

Spatial scale of the exposure

Individuals; Households; Community; Regional; Sub-national; National; Continental; Global

Spatial scale of the outcome

Individuals; Households; Community; Regional; Sub-national; National; Continental; Global

Regional focus

Global; North America; Europe; Africa; Asia; Central America/South America/the Caribbean; Oceania; Antarctica

Target population

General population; Infants and toddlers (0–2); Children (3–18); Older adults (65+); Women; Pregnant individuals and fetuses; LGBTQIA+ / sexual and gender minorities; Low income groups / groups of low socioeconomic status; Specific racial groups; Specific ethnic groups; Indigenous people; Incarcerated individuals; Immigrants; Outside workers (e.g. farmers; construction workers; etc.); Differently abled persons; Persons with pre-existing medical conditions (e.g. asthma; diabetes; cancer; etc.) or persons with electronic medical devices; Persons with cognitive impairments; Other

Engaging/Incorporating Indigenous and community knowledge

Indigenous knowledge; community knowledge

Study design methodology type

Quantitative; Qualitative; Mixed-methods

Theoretical/conceptual approach

Clinical intervention; Public health intervention (non-clinical); Epidemiological causal theory; Environmental justice/climate justice; Supply-demand economics; Ecosystem services; Ecology/environmental preservation/ecosystem management; Geologic; Land management/agriculture/forestry; Ocean and coastal management; Disaster risk management; Education and tourism; Social determinants; Cultural preservation; Resource and food security; Other

Publishing access

Open access publishing; Non-open access publishing

Funding type

Fossil-fuel industry funding (directly from a corporation, or via industry associations, or industry-funded/industry-aligned philanthropic groups); Other industry (private) funding (directly from a corporation, or via industry associations, or industry-funded/industry-aligned philanthropic groups); Government funding; Foundation/philanthropic funding (independent of industry stakeholders); Academic institution funding; Research stated to be unfunded; Funding not reported

Author affiliations

No authors report affiliations with stakeholder industries or for-hire consulting firms; One or more authors report affiliations with stakeholder industries or for-hire consulting firms