Table 2 Domestic energy and kitchen‑related exposure among 1277 HIV-Infected outpatients attending ART-Clinics in South Kivu, DRC
From: Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults
Variables | All (N=1277) | Cases (N=435) | Controls (N=842) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Kitchen Location | ||||
 Outside main House | 400 (31.3) | 152 (34.9) | 248 (29.5) | 0.04 |
 Inside main House | 877 (68.7) | 283 (65.1) | 594 (70.5) | |
Ventilation System | ||||
 Yes | 645 (52.2) | 233 (54.7) | 412 (50.9) | 0.2 |
 No | 591 (47.8) | 193 (45.3) | 398 (49.1) | |
Principal Kitchen Instrument | ||||
 Electric/gas cooker | 661 (56.4) | 214 (52.8) | 447 (58.2) | 0.08 |
 Cookstove | 226 (19.3) | 77 (19.0) | 149 (19.4) | |
 Three Stones | 286 (24.4) | 114 (28.1) | 172 (22.4) | |
Only BMF for Cooking | ||||
 No | 806 (69.2) | 267 (65.9) | 539 (70.9) | 0.07 |
 Yes | 359 (30.8) | 138 (34.1) | 221 (29.1) | |
Only Wood for Cooking | ||||
 No | 1,232 (96.5) | 412 (94.7) | 820 (97.4) | 0.01 |
 Yes | 45 (3.5) | 23 (5.3) | 22 (2.6) | |
Improved Cookstove used >10 years | ||||
 Yes | 684 (55.1) | 212 (50.0) | 472 (57.8) | 0.009 |
 No | 557 (44.9) | 212 (50.0) | 345 (42.2) | |
Heating Mode | ||||
 Charcoal | 622 (58.2) | 210 (56.3) | 412 (59.3) | 0.34 |
 Wood | 446 (41.8) | 163 (43.7) | 283 (40.7) | |
Lighting Mode | ||||
 Clean fuel | 629 (49.3) | 219 (50.3) | 410 (48.8) | 0.6 |
 Unclean fuel | 646 (50.7) | 216 (49.7) | 430 (51.2) | |
Time with Electricity per 24h | ||||
 ≥5h | 233 (41.6) | 73 (43.5) | 160 (40.8) | 0.56 |
 <5h | 327 (58.4) | 95 (56.5) | 232 (59.2) | |
Time Spent in Kitchen a | ||||
 Low exposure | 744 (58.3) | 232 (53.3) | 512 (60.8) | 0.01 |
 High exposure | 533 (41.7) | 203 (46.7) | 330 (39.2) | |
Years since first Ugali b | ||||
 Continuous (years)* | 28 [19-36] | 28 [19-38] | 28 [19-36] | 0.1 |
 Categorical (<25 years) | 385 (30.2) | 112 (25.8) | 273 (32.4) | 0.01 |
 Categorical (≥25 years) | 892 (69.9) | 323 (74.3) | 569 (67.6) | |