Table 3 Multivariable analysis: socio-demographic and clinical indicators as predictors for pulmonary tuberculosis among 1277 HIV-infected outpatients attending ART-clinics in South Kivu, DRC

Gender

1277

 Males

Ref

 Females

0.37 (0.28-0.48)

<0.001

0.39 (0.27-0·55)

<0.001

Marital Status

1277

 Married

Ref

 Separated

1.04 (0.71-1.51)

0.83

¨

¨

¨

 Single

0.83 (0.65-1.07)

0.15

¨

¨

¨

Level of Education

1277

 University

Ref

 High School

1.12 (0.61-2.05)

0.71

¨

¨

¨

 Primary School

1.31 (0.72-2.38)

0.37

¨

¨

¨

 No School

0.82 (0.42-1.60)

0.57

¨

¨

¨

Occupation

1277

 Public Function

Ref

 Famer

1.82 (0.70-4.73)

0.22

¨

¨

¨

 Private sector

0.85 (0.50-1.46)

0.56

¨

¨

¨

 Housekeeper

1.25 (0.77-2.03)

0.36

¨

¨

¨

 None at all

1.09 (0.65-1.83)

0.74

¨

¨

¨

Household Members

1181

 <5

Ref

 ≥5

1.05 (0.78-1.40)

0.76

¨

¨

¨

Alcohol

1238

 No

Ref

 Yes

1.02 (0.80-1.31)

0.88

¨

¨

¨

Tobacco Smoking

1221

 Never

Ref

 Evers

1.86 (1.26-2.26)

0.002

1.08 (0.67-1.74)

0.75

Second‑Hand Smoke

1159

 No

Ref

 Yes

1.58 (1.20-2.08)

0.001

1.41 (0.64-1.50)

0.8

CD4 at HIV diagnosis (cells/μL)

1277

 ≥500

Ref

 200-499

1.40 (0.92-2.11)

0.11

1.33 (0.83-2.14)

0.23

 <200

1.87 (1.24-2.82)

0.003

2.05 (1.28-3.31)

0.003

 Unknown

1.79 (1.21-2.66)

0.004

1.69 (1.06-2.70)

0.03

ART Duration (years)

1277

 ≥10

Ref

 5-9

0.84 (0.60-1.16)

0.30

0.86 (0.57-1.25)

0.40

 <5

0.85 (0.61-1.20)

0.38

0.73 (0.49-1.10)

0.14

 Unknown

1.10 (0.75-1.63)

0.63

1.15 (0.70-1.86)

0.59

Case Contact ^a

1155

 No

Ref

 Yes

0.97 (0.76-1.25)

0.84

1.1 (0.82-1.47)

0.54