Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults

Katoto, Patrick D.M.C.; Bihehe, Dieudonné; Brand, Amanda; Mushi, Raymond; Kusinza, Aline; Alwood, Brian W.; van Zyl-Smit, Richard N.; Tamuzi, Jacques L.; Sam-Agudu, Nadia A.; Yotebieng, Marcel; Metcalfe, John; Theron, Grant; Godri Pollitt, Krystal J.; Lesosky, Maia; Vanoirbeek, Jeroen; Mortimer, Kevin; Nawrot, Tim; Nemery, Benoit; Nachega, Jean B.

doi:10.1186/s12940-023-01044-0

Environmental Health

Table 4 Multivariable analysis: domestic energy as predictors for tuberculosis among 1277 HIV-Infected outpatients attending ART-clinics in South Kivu, DRC. stratification analysis by gender and by estimated years of exposure to biomass fuel

From: Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults

Variables				Univariate		Multivariable model 1		Multivariable model 2 (by gender)				Multivariable model 3 (by years since first ugali)
Variables				Univariate		ALL (n=1148)		MALES (n=282)		FEMALES (n=963)		<25 y (n=329)		≥25 y (n=809)
	n	test	reference	OR	p	aOR	p	aOR	p	aOR	p	aOR	p	aOR	p
Kitchen location	1277	inside	outside	0.77 (0.61-0.99)	0.04	0.77 (0.59-1.01)	0.06	0.73 (0.434-1.22)	0.23	0.84 (0.61-1.17)	0.31	0.46 (0.26-0.81)	0.007	0.91 (0.66-1.26)	0.56
Ventilation system	1236	none	chimney	0.86 (0.68-1.08)	0.20	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨
Principal kitchen instrument	1173	cookstove	electric/gas	1.08 (0.78-1.49)	0.64	0.88 (0.60-1.31)	0.54	0.80 (0.35-1.87)	0.61	0.97 (0.62-1.53)	0.90	1.91 (0.85-4.31)	0.12	0.69 (0.43-1.12)	0.13
Principal kitchen instrument	1173	three stones	electric/gas	1.38 (1.04-1.84)	0.02	1.08 (0.74-1.56)	0.70	0.89 (0.43-1.83)	0.75	1.07 (0.68-1.69)	0.77	4.05 (1.83-8.96)	0.001	0.66 (0.41-1.04)	0.08
Only BMF for cooking	1165	yes	no	1.26 (0.97-1.63)	0.07	1.66 (0.83-3.29)	0.15	1.62 (0.41-6.28)	0.48	1.62 (0.72-3.64)	0.24	3.24 (0.56-18.7)	0.19	1.62 (0.74-3.54)	0.23
Only wood for cooking	1277	yes	no	2.08 (1.14-3.78)	0.01	2·00 (0·70-5·72)	0.19	NE		1.68 (0.51-5.53)	0.39	3.55 (0.28-45.6)	0.33	2.00 (0.60-6.67)	0.26
Improved cookstove >10 y	1241	no	yes	1.37 (1.08-1.73)	0.009	1.29 (0.93-1.77)	0.12	1.01 (0.53-1.93)	0.61	1.43 (0.98-2.09)	0.07	0.95 (0.48-1.89)	0.89	1.39 (0.94-2.05)	0.09
Heating mode	1068	wood	charcoal	1.13 (0.88-1.46)	0.35	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨
Lighting mode	1275	unclean fuel	clean fuel	0·94 (0.75-1.18)	0.60	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨
Time with Electricity per 24h	560	<5h/24h	>5h/24h	1.11 (0.77-1.60)	0.56	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨
Time spent in kitchen	1227	high^§	low	1.36 (1.07-1.71)	0.01	1.36 (1.06-1.75)	0.02	1.10 (0.67-1.79)	0.74	1.32 (0.97-1.79)	0.07	1.03 (0.60-1.76)	0.92	1.36 (1.01-1.84)	0.04
Years since first ugali	1277	≥25 y	<25 y	1.38 (1.07-1.79)	0.01	1.28 (0.90-1.82)	0.17	1.62 (0.79-3.31)	0.19	0.91 (0.59-1.41)	0.67	¨	¨	¨	¨
Years since first ugali	1277	continuous (per year)		1.01 (0.99-1.02)	0.09	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨	¨

Total population n=1277; lower numbers are due to missing answers. OR: odds ratio; aOR: adjusted OR; BMF: biomass fuel; NE: not estimable. All models were adjusted for age, gender (except for model 2), CD4 count, and ART duration. In addition, Model 1 also adjusted for level of education, household members, tobacco smoking, second-hand smoke, house roofing, house wall and case contact, while Model 3 also adjusted for ventilation system. ^§ high= high exposure: >3h/day AND ≥2 times/day AND >5 days/week. “..”: multivariable analysis was not performed as p-value ≤0.1

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